行业关联、外资进入与出口质量——来自中国企业的微观证据

外资合理利用对实现我国本土企业技术进步和转型升级具有重要意义,文章聚焦外资的行业关联从出口升级的视角再次探讨这一问题。文章运用中国工业企业数据库、海关统计数据库和投入产出表的匹配数据,从行业内水平溢出、产业间垂直关联等多个维度系统研究了外资进入对我国企业出口产品质量的影响。文章发现:(1)外资进入显著促进企业出口产品质量升级,外资水平溢出、前向关联和后向关联的质量提升效应均显著,其中后向关联效应最大。(2)外资水平溢出、前向关联和后向关联对企业出口产品质量提升的影响渠道分别通过研发效应、中间品投入效应和市场规模效应得以实现。(3)异质性结果表明,外资进入对非国有企业、一般贸易企业、东部地区企业以及与外资技术差距较小企业的出口质量提升作用更为突出。文章为外资利用与企业出口质量关系提供了更为丰富的微观证据和理论依据,能够为当前中国新一轮高水平对外开放下引资政策调整和优化提供一定的政策启示。     

外资如何提高内资企业生产效率——“己厂效应”还是企业间溢出?

外资进入是否有助于我国内资企业生产效率的提高?有关外国直接投资溢出效应的众多研究尚无一致结论,其中一个重要原因在于差异样本数据的使用以及对企业内部技术溢出效应的忽视。本文使用我国1998~2007年的微观企业数据,从企业内部和企业之间(包括行业内和行业间)两个角度检验了外资溢出效应,并进一步讨论了市场化进程对于外资溢出效应的动态影响。我们在近177万份观测样本中发现,外资参股能够显著提高参股企业的生产效率水平,"己厂效应"为正;外资进入对内资企业的前向关联效应显著为正,但是后向关联并不显著;外资对同行业内资企业的溢出作用是不确定的。进一步考察制度因素发现,在当前的市场化进程下,外国投资的正向溢出作用正在逐渐弱化。     

示范还是挤出?FDI对中国本土制造业企业出口溢出的实证研究

本文使用2005-2007年全部国有和规模以上非国有工业企业数据实证检验了外资企业对中国内资企业的出口溢出效应.考虑到企业出口决策和出口强度是两个相互联系的过程,我们采用Heckman两步选择模型进行估计,从而得到更加可靠的结果.研究发现:行业外资渗透率对同行业内资企业的出口决定和出口强度都存在显著为正的影响;与此形成鲜明对比的是,行业外资出口强度对内资企业的出口决定和出口强度的影响却显著为负.这一发现与多数使用发达国家数据的研究结论相左.     

外资控制权、企业异质性与FDI的技术外溢——基于Olley-Pakes半参法的实证研究

前期有关FDI技术外溢的研究多以宏观数据为基础,无法考察外资控制权和企业异质性等微观特征的影响。本文采用2000—2007年中国工业企业微观数据,深入分析了FDI在企业内、行业内以及行业间的溢出效应。为了规避微观企业中的同时选择和进入退出等问题,实证分析过程中使用了半参数估计中的Olley—Pakes三步法。结果发现：FDI显著提高了本土企业的生产率,但在行业内的水平溢出效应却不明显;FDI在行业间存在着显著的后向溢出效应,而前向溢出效应并不明显;外资的进入确实降低了企业的退出概率。外商独资企业对于行业内其他企业具有明显的“挤出效应”;而企业的国有产权和省级以上隶属关系则抑制了企业对FDI溢出效应的吸收能力。     

银行竞争与外商直接投资技术溢出效应

推动外商投资对国民经济发展的溢出作用对于我国经济发展质量和效益的提升具有十分重要的战略意义。本文利用中国微观企业数据，实证检验了银行竞争行为对FDI技术溢出效应的影响。研究发现，银行竞争显著促进了FDI技术水平溢出、后向和前向溢出。该结论在不同企业异质性和银行业结构特征中表现出差异。从影响渠道看，银行竞争主要通过融资约束效应、创新效应、企业进入效应和产业集聚效应对FDI技术溢出产生影响。此外，有证据显示银行竞争行为在一定程度上可以改善行业间FDI引致的负向竞争效应和锁定效应。本文的研究对促进外资服务于经济发展目标，理解金融供给侧结构性改革与引资政策的内在关系提供了一定的参考。     

外商直接投资对中国技术进步效应的结构分析

以行业数据为基础的分析结果表明,外资对上海的直接技术进步效应大于外资对上海本地企业的技术溢出效应,而外资对上海本地企业的技术溢出效应大小又与外资进入的行业有关。分不同外资来源的分析结果表明,港澳台投资对上海的直接技术进步效应小于对上海本地企业的技术溢出效应,OECD投资对上海的直接技术进步效应大于对上海本地企业的技术溢出效应。从上海经验出发,我们认为,我国必须根据外资对我国本地企业的正向技术溢出效应大小,甄别和遴选外资来源、流入形式和进入行业,在若干难以明显获得外资正向技术溢出效应的领域,采用内资替代外资的投资政策,以增加我国资本要素的投资收益,减少GDP与GNP之间的差距,降低经济增长过程中的福利漏出。     

外资与中国内生技术能力的关系

本文对外资在行业经济中的比重与中国本地企业劳动生产率之间的关系进行了回归分析，发现前者对后者并无显著影响。结合对统计数据的分析，本文认为外资在中国的技术溢出效应不明显，未能促进中国内生技术能力的培育，未来中国科技政策应重点鼓励本地企业咱主研发。     

外商撤资对东道国被投资企业出口规模的影响研究

外商撤资是一个非常重要但却容易被忽视的现象。文章聚焦于被外国所有者出售并随后被国内所有者收购的子公司，借助中国工业企业微观数据对撤资企业进行识别，继而采用PSM-DID方法考察外商撤资对东道国企业出口规模的影响效果、影响范围及影响机制。研究发现，外商撤资对企业出口规模产生了较为显著的负面影响，并且这种负面影响主要存在于加工贸易企业和劳动密集行业企业样本之中。通过检验两者之间的作用机制发现，外商撤资能够通过抬高贸易成本和加剧融资约束导致企业出口规模下降。此外，外商撤资对企业出口的负面影响同时体现在以出口决策、出口产品种类和出口市场范围衡量的广延边际层面。文章的研究有利于理性认识外资进入的积极效应和外商撤资的经济后果，可以为新形势和新挑战下外贸外资的稳中提质提供有益的政策启示。     

基于后向关联分析的FDI技术溢出效应研究

本文基于后向关联的角度对外资在我国的技术溢出效应作出分析。通过建立FDI和对我国后向关联溢出效应关系的回归模型,选择我国工业行业中最容易产生后向关联的23个行业进行实证检验,对影响该溢出效应的制约因素从溢出源、吸收能力两个方面分别进行实证分析。结果表明,这些制约因素对后向关联溢出有着明显作用。这些结果具有重要的政策含义。     

FDI技术溢出渠道与中国制造业生产率增长研究:基于面板数据的分析

本文使用基于DEA的Malmquist指数方法分析了中国制造业全要素生产率(TFP)及其分解变量技术进步和技术效率的变化规律;利用制造业内资部门2000~2005年的行业层面板数据,在控制了研发和出口交货值两个变量的基础上,考察了FDI水平关联和前、后关联对全要素生产率及其分解变量的影响。我们发现研发与出口交货值对生产率存在正的影响,FDI总体上对内资企业产生了正向技术溢出效应,而且更多地是由后向关联促进技术进步带来的;前向关联没有产生技术溢出效应;水平关联与前、后向关联技术溢出的实现方式不同,主要通过技术效率渠道促进全要素生产率的提高。分组回归结果表明,FDI技术溢出渠道在技术水平、行业集中度与出口依存度等行业分组指标下存在明显不同的传导机制。     

Testing for horizontal and vertical foreign investment spillovers in China, 1998–2007

As with many developing countries, the Chinese government hopes that knowledge brought by multinationals will spill over to domestic industries and increase their productivity. In this paper, we show that foreign investment originating outside of Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan has positive effects on individual firm level productivity, while foreign investment from HKMT firms does not. We also test for both horizontal (within the same industry) and vertical (upstream or downstream) linkages from foreign investment. Using a manufacturing firm-level panel for 1998 through 2007, we find zero or weak positive horizontal externalities. However, our results show that foreign direct investment (FDI) has generated positive productivity spillovers to domestic firms via backward linkages (the contacts between foreign affiliates and their local suppliers in downstream sectors) as well as forward linkages (between foreign suppliers and their local buyers in the upstream sectors).     

Do Chinese domestic firms benefit from FDI inflow?: Evidence of horizontal and vertical spillovers

Using a large panel dataset covering all manufacturing firms (above a minimum scale) in China from 1998 to 2005, this paper examines whether there exist productivity spillovers from foreign direct investment (FDI) to domestic firms. In estimating productivity, we control for a possible simultaneity bias by using semi-parametric estimation techniques. We find that Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan (HMT) invested firms generate negative horizontal spillovers, while Non-HMT foreign invested firms (mostly from OECD countries) tend to bring positive horizontal spillovers in China. These two opposing horizontal effects seem to cancel out at the aggregate level. We also find strong and robust vertical spillover effects on both state-owned firms and non-state firms. However, vertical spillover effects from export-oriented FDI are weaker than those from domestic-market-oriented FDI.     

Export Spillovers to Chinese Firms: Evidence from Provincial Data

Multinational firms are important conduits of managerial skills, foreign market linkages, and technology. Foreign export spillovers associated with multinational firms have the potential to reduce entry costs for local exporting firms. This paper examines whether exports by multinational firms increase the probability of exporting by domestic Chinese firms. The findings from the Probit estimation highlight the varying relationships between multinational exports and local foreign entry based on the type of ownership. The results from separating foreign-invested enterprises into overseas Chinese companies and OECD-based multinational firms suggest that the export activity of the former does not increase the probability of exporting by local firms, whereas the latter positively influence the export decision of local firms, particularly under processing trade.     

Export spillover from foreign direct investment in China during pre- and post-WTO accession

This study investigates the effects of export spillover from foreign direct investment (FDI) before and after China’s World Trade Organization (WTO) accession, with particular consideration of the FDI source country and firm ownership structure. It uses a Chinese manufacturing firm-level panel dataset, for the period 1998–2007. In general, there are no spillover effects among state-owned enterprises (SOEs). This study finds negative horizontal and positive vertical spillovers associated with FDI from Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan (HMT) among non-SOEs. Furthermore, non-HMT FDI, which is predominantly from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries, have statistically significant positive horizontal and vertical spillover effects on the export performance of private Chinese firms. Positive forward spillovers occurred only after China joined the WTO, while positive backward spillovers existed during both the pre- and post-WTO periods. China’s entry into the WTO intensified the forward linkage of production, implying that greater availability of high-quality inputs produced by non-HMT foreign multinationals benefited the export performance of private domestic firms.     

Heterogeneity of FDI Export Spillovers and Its Policy Implications: The Experience of China

This paper explores the magnitude and heterogeneity of foreign direct investment (FDI) export spillovers in China. Using a Heckman sample selection model estimated over a rich firm‐level dataset in China's manufacturing sector from 2000 to 2003, we find that FDI exerts significant impacts on the exporting behavior of domestic firms, and such impacts are heterogeneous in that some firms receive positive impacts while others receive negative impacts. The heterogeneity of FDI spillovers has significant policy implications as it indicates that government policies need to be more specific and targeted in order for the benefits of FDI to be reaped.     

产业关联、技术差距与外商直接投资的技术溢出

本文运用非均衡面板数据的广义矩估计,从产业关联和技术差距的角度考察了外商直接投资对中国纺织业的技术溢出效应.经验分析结论表明,外商直接投资主要通过水平关联和后向关联对纺织业内资企业产生溢出效应;外商直接投资是否通过水平关联促进内资企业生产效率的改善还取决于内外资企业间的技术差距,只有当内外资企业技术差距小于门限值时,外...     

Knowledge spillovers from foreign direct investment in R&D: Evidence from Japanese firm-level data

This study uses firm-level panel data from the Japanese manufacturing industries and examines whether foreign direct investment generates intra-industry knowledge spillovers to domestic firms. The analysis found positive effects of R&D stocks of foreign firms on the productivity of domestic firms, while effects of capital stocks of foreign firms were absent, suggesting that knowledge of foreign firms spills over through their R&D activities, but not through their production activities. In addition, we found that the extent of spillovers from R&D stock of foreign firms is substantially larger than spillovers from R&D stock of domestic firms.     

Spatial Spillovers from Foreign Direct Investment: Evidence from the Yangtze River Delta in China

This paper examines the spatial externality from foreign direct investment on domestic firms. Using Chinese firm‐level data for 2004, and after accounting for an endogeneity problem, we find that foreign firms generate a significantly positive spillover effect on the regional productivity of domestic firms in similar counties and industries. Estimating a spatial‐autoregressive model, we further show that such local spillovers could transmit to domestic firms in other counties and industries through interactions among domestic firms. However, these spatial multiplier effects decline with distance, thereby reducing the foreign direct investment spillover effects for domestic firms in distant locations.     

Microeconomic mechanisms behind export spillovers from FDI: evidence from Bulgaria

This paper studies how the presence of multinational enterprises affects the export performance of Bulgarian manufacturing firms—export spillovers from FDI. Using export data at the firm/product/destination level for the period 2004–2006, it finds positive forward spillover on export value and quantity, related to quality upgrading. Conversely, it finds negative (or insignificant) backward and horizontal spillover on export flows, related to quality downgrading. When aggregating data at the firm level and considering that a firm can operate in several sectors, the paper shows that the presence of foreign input suppliers allows domestic firms to export additional varieties of lower quality and upgrade the average quality of existing varieties, whereas the presence of foreign customers generates the opposite effect.     

Death of linkages in host countries? A firm‐level study on the channels of productivity spillovers in the Malaysian manufacturing sector

Productivity spillovers from multinational corporations (MNCs) to local firms have been an area of keen research interest in developing economics. Claims of positive spillovers in the form of technology transfers have been questionable, in part because of the many ambiguous conclusions obtained. The paper argues that the lack of focus in the mechanisms underpinning spillovers may be one of the reasons for the ambiguity. Using local input–output linkages as the mechanism for technology transfer, this study examines the presence and the enabling conditions for spillovers. Accounting for the variations in firms' characteristics, the findings show that skills‐oriented MNCs participating in international production networks transmit horizontal spillovers to local establishments. Vertical spillovers from MNCs are mostly relevant only to lower‐skilled establishments. For skilled and export‐oriented local establishments, technologies learned from producing for international production networks are more significant than forming linkages with MNCs in the domestic market.