日本大企业以主银行为核心的治理结构的运营效绩分析

在战后经济高速发展的过程中，日本大企业在法人相互持股和间接融资为主的独特金融结构的基础上，形成了以主银行为核心的治理结构。由于各个企业的财务状况存在着悬殊的差距，并且经济环境的变化对主银行功能也会产生重大影响，所以主银行对各种类型的企业的监督与控制程度并不一致。主银行为核心的治理结构对日本大企业的经营活动，乃至日本经济的发展都产生了有为复杂的影响。从目前的情况看，其负效应正不断显现。     

日本以银行为主导的公司治理结构

公司制是现代经济中最重要的企业制度，而公司治理结构是公司制的核心内容之一，它设计的恰当与否，关系到公司制企业能否有效运转，就世界范围来说，现代企业的公司治理结构有多种形式，日本企业中流行的公司治理结构叫以银行为主导的公司治理结构，它孕育于战前，产生于战后日本特殊的历史背景和经济条件之下，对战后日本经济的高速发展起了极为重要的作用，尽管目前日本以银行为主导的公司治理结构已不太适合于其高度发达的经济，但对其他国家赶超型经济的发展，它仍然具有很大的借鉴意义，对于正在全国推行现行企业制度的我国来说，借鉴意义尤为明显。     

日本相互持股的近期演变:原因、效应及对我国的启示

近期日本相互持股在总体上表现出解体趋势，同时在结构上又表现出不同的演变特征。主要原因在于，日本整体经济状况发生变化后，相互持股的负担和风险性增大，对主银行的依赖降低，保持与客户长期交易关系以及进行商业关系的战略重组等。相互持股的近期演变在融资体制、股票市场、治理机制、内部劳动力市场等方面对日本的经济体制产生了重大影响。对于日本相互持股近期演变进行深入研究，对于中国企业改革道路的选择具有重要意义。     

日本式公司治理结构的形成、机能及其演化

日本企业治理结构与英美国家相比有自身的显著特征。它的形成与日本的历史和国情有关。这种特殊的治理结构曾是战后日本经济高速增长的微观基础，然而今日又成为日本经济恢复的制度性障碍。具体说，即原有促进经济增长的机能转换为诱发投资过剩的机能。目前日本的股权结构、董事会组织结构和主力银行的监控机制都在发生变化。其变化的取向可能是日本治理结构原型与美英式治理结构的融合。     

近年来日本企业治理结构的变化及其原因

20世纪90年代以来，由于技术、经济制度、国际环境和国内经济状态的改变，日本传统的企业治理结构开始发生变化．目前，这种变化主要表现为日本企业治理结构中的经营者、所有者、银行的地位与作用的变化。     

交叉持股的变化与日本公司治理改革

交叉持股是战后日本企业规避国内外敌对接管收购的防御性安排。作为日本公司治理模式的重要特征之一,它是主银行融资监控主导地位、企业内部经营阶层和雇员长期雇佣体制、经营决策侧重长期目标的基础。但自上个世纪90年代以来,银行陷入坏帐危机,企业经营出现困境,这些都暴露出日式公司治理模式存在的问题。拆除以银行为核心的交叉持股的关系资本结构成为日本公司治理改革的主要内容。     

从日本经济的衰退论日本公司治理模式

日本的主办银行治理模式对日本经济赶超欧美起了很大的作用，随着经济增长速度的下降，过去作为集团内部效率监督者的银行，其重要性和有效性都下降了，这就造成了股东利益保护的严重真空。因此，促使日本对公司治理模式进行变革．     

日本企业三大病

长期低迷状态使人们不得不反思日本的公司治理方式是否适应经济全球化，旧的模式是否还适用现在面临剧烈竞争和挑战的日本企业?     

日本银行不良贷款问题的治理原因分析

人们普遍认为日本银行不良贷款问题是近10年来El本经济危机所致，但不能忽视日本银行的治理原因是分析不良贷款危机形成及恶化的重要线索之一。日本银行业中的关系型银行模式妨碍了资本市场和政府对银行管理层的有效约束和监管，这种银行治理形式导致了日本银行不良贷款问题长期以来迟迟得不到解决。     

对日本企业融资方式及其治理结构的反思

日本企业采用的是银行主导型融资方式,产由此产生主银行内部控制型的企业治理结构模式,这种曾经促使日本经济快速腾飞的融资模式和治理结构是目前日本难以摆脱困境的根本原因,目产我国国有企业融资应采用“间接融资为主,直接融资为辅”的方式,其治理结构为证券市场,银行制度,融资结构“三位一体”的方式。     

日本房地产泡沫破灭对中国房地产调控的启示

上世纪90年代初日本房地产泡沫破裂,给日本房地产市场乃至整个经济带来巨大负面影响。反思日本房地产泡沫破裂的主要原因在于:日元升值等原因造成的流动性过剩使大量资本涌入房地产市场;政府宽松的货币政策和财政政策以及商业银行对房地产业宽松的银行信贷进一步加剧了房地产泡沫化;政府过于剧烈的宏观调控政策打破了房地产泡沫,造成房地产业乃至整个国民经济的长期低迷。分析当前我国房地产业的现状,与日本的情况惊人相似。因此,借鉴日本房地产泡沫破灭的经验教训,可以对我国房地产市场的健康发展以及我国房地产调控政策提供有益的启示。     

Corporate governance in Japan: past performance and future prospects

Much has been written about the Japanese 'model' of corporategovernance. Indeed, Japanese-style corporate governance hasbeen described as an efficient alternative to corporate governancemechanisms available in the West, and as a model for developingeconomies. As opposed to American-style corporate governance,in which hostile takeovers and managerial incentive schemesplay a major role, Japanese firms have traditionally reliedon monitoring by large shareholders and banks. This articledescribes the evolution of corporate governance in Japan sincethe Second World War, and surveys the empirical evidence onits performance. Although there is substantial evidence on theeffectiveness of the Japanese system, there is also evidenceon its significant shortcomings. The article also evaluatesthe effects of the current macroeconomic and banking criseson corporate governance in Japan, and suggests possible directionsfor future changes, which are likely to make Japan more similarto the USA in this respect.     

Capital requirement and financial crisis: The case of Japan and the 1997 Asian crisis

This study investigates the direct link between the implementation of the 1988 Basel capital requirement in Japan and the shrinkage of banks’ foreign assets, particularly in Thailand in the 1990s. The empirical analysis proceeds in two stages. The first stage investigates the hypothesis that the capital crunch in Japan induced Japanese banks to alter their portfolios and reduce their foreign assets. The second step tests the hypothesis that the change in behaviour of the Japanese banks induced the increase of the probability of financial crisis in Asia. Our results support the responsibility of the Japanese capital requirement, among other factors, in triggering the 1997 Asian financial crisis as an external common shock and give a new angle on the financial crisis literature.     

The Theoretical Rationale for the Existence of Banks

The paper analyzes the reason of banks existing. It indicates from a traditional theory that banks are necessary as financial intermediary in economy system. Moreover, the rationale for the existence of banks has been proved via interpretations of various reasons. Finally, the situation and the challenges banks will confront in the future have been taken into account.     

日本大银行犯罪的法律监督程序

20世纪90年代以来,日本大银行(含融资金融机构)的犯罪现象相继曝光,暴露出许多大型金融机构存在着金融犯罪行为。日本政府为遏制金融犯罪,加强对金融机构的检查与监督,在金融监管方面采取了一系列积极措施,对预防金融机构犯罪颇见成效。     

CEO compensation and firm performance in Japan: Evidence from new panel data on individual CEO pay

Prior studies on Japanese executive compensation have been constrained by the lack of longitudinal data on individual CEO pay. Using unique 10-year panel data on individual CEO's salary and bonus of Japanese firms from 1986 to 1995, we present the first estimates on pay-performance relations for Japanese CEO compensation. Specifically we find consistently that Japanese CEO's cash compensation is sensitive to firm performance (especially accounting measures), and that the “semi-elasticity” of CEO's cash compensation with respect to ROA is 1.3 to 1.4, which is in general agreement with prior estimates elsewhere. As such, our estimates do not support that Japanese corporate governance is unusually defunct with regard to the significance and size of the sensitivity of CEO compensation to accounting profitability. On the other hand, to be consistent with the literature on Japanese corporate governance that tends to downplay the role of shareholders and stress the role of banks and employees, we find that stock market performance tends to play a less important role in the determination of Japanese CEO compensation. Finally, we find that the bonus system makes CEO compensation more responsive to firm performance in Japan. The finding is in contrast to the literature on compensation for regular employees in Japan which often argues that bonus is a disguised base wage. J. Japanese Int. Economies 20 (1) (2006) 1–19.     

日本支持中小企业发展的新理念和新举措

近年来日本对中小企业在经济中的功能和作用重新定位，希望中小企业成为积弊日久的经济社会再生和创新的主角。日本政府也改变以往视中小企业的弱者的扶植政策，而以鼓励创新，创新投资，技术研究为主要的政策目标，这些新举措的成效如何有待时间来证明。     

Loan interest rate pass-through and changes after the financial crisis: Japan’s evidence

We estimate interest rate pass-through in the loan market using an individual bank-based panel dataset from Japan. Previous studies using data from European countries have presented a number of common findings, including that banks with a high proportion of relationship lending tend to set lower pass-through. In this respect, we have obtained similar results using a dataset for Japan going back to the early 2000s. We further examine the influence of borrowing firms’ balance sheet characteristics on loan interest rate pass-through, and find that these additional factors are also important determinants for pass-through dispersion. However, after the recent global financial crisis, even banks with a high proportion of relationship lending have largely lowered loan interest rates by raising pass-through, and pass-through has not necessarily been determined in accordance with borrowing firms’ balance sheet characteristics. These results differ from those of recent studies on European countries. Possible background factors explaining this change are that (i) pressure to lower loan interest rates has risen due to extensive monetary easing and greater lending competition among banks, while Japan’s banking system as a whole has maintained its resilience in the post-crisis period; (ii) demand for bank loans has increased substantially due to disruptions in the market for alternative funding sources, such as commercial paper and corporate bonds; and (iii) public measures to increase bank loans have been broadly introduced in Japan.     

日韩贸易摩擦的原因、影响及趋势分析

日本对出口韩国的生产半导体零部件的3种核心原材料采取管制措施,其根本目的在于掌握半导体乃至高技术领域的主导权。出口管制实施后,部分日本企业试图通过拓展其他国家市场来弥补因对韩出口管制造成的损失,也有些企业计划在海外设厂以便避开政府管制向韩国供应原材料。出口管制还导致日本产品在韩遭到抵制、韩国赴日游客锐减等。韩国通过半导体核心部件国产化、进口来源地多元化等对策,在一定程度上减少了贸易制裁对半导体行业的负面影响,使日本被迫放宽出口管制。由于日韩处于半导体全球价值链分工不同环节中,存在紧密的"一荣俱荣,一损俱损"的依存关系,因此,日韩贸易摩擦的缓和存在内在必然性。另外,RCEP签署以及中日韩自贸区谈判等外部因素会进一步促进日韩贸易关系改善。