The interaction between paternalistic leadership style,organizational justice and organizational citizenship behavior： A study from Turkey

The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of paternalistic leadership style on justice perceptions of the employees. Even though the impact of organizational justice＇s affect on employee attitudes and behaviors is a huge area of interest, the antecedents of organizational justice perceptions is a topic that needs to be further developed and leadership is one of them. In the previous studies, the impact of transformational and transactional leadership on justice was searched, but the impact of a culturally specific model namely paternalistic leadership hasn＇t been clearly investigated. This study was conducted in Turkey which respects paternalistic culture with 329 employees working in various sectors in Istanbul. The regression analyses proved that paternalistic leadership has an impact on organizational justice perceptions and organizational citizenship behaviors of the employees. And the mediating affect of organizational justice between paternalistic leadership styles and OCB was also questioned. Research models for the next studies and managerial implications were suggested.     

Applications of planned behavior theory on internet banking services adoption in Jordan： Structural equation modeling approach

Although banks are investing more into online banking innovation to be at par with the world information technology advances, the internet banking services adoption （IBSA） in Jordan is still lagging behind. This paper is concerned with an empirical investigation of factors that could predict successful IBSA in Jordan through the applications of planned behavior theory （TPB）. This theory suggests that three independent variables （exogenous）： attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavior control could have a direct impact on intention and indirect impact on IBSA. This study uses a questionnaire survey data of 517 Jordanian public university employees as customers of internet banking services. Confirmatory factor analysis （CFA） was performed to examine the composite reliability and convergent validity of the measurements, and the structural equation modeling （SEM） was used to evaluate the causal model. Results of the study demonstrate significant and positive direct relationships between attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavior control and behavior intention. Similarly, direct significant and positive linkages between attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavior control, behavior intention and IBSA were observed. However, behavior intention does not have a mediating effect on the three linkages （attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavior control） with IBSA. This study concludes that the original TPB has a strong predictive power to explain IBSA in Jordan.     

Workplace isolation and job performance： A study on carpet weaving women

Workplace isolation has been recognized as a critical issue in organizational theory. Studies have found that employees who felt isolated might also show low performance in their organizations. However, there is very little empirical research about the relationship between perceived isolation and job performance, and most of the studies were conducted on salespeople working in the virtual offices. In this study, it is aimed to investigate the relationship between workplace isolation and job performance in terms of productivity and emotional outcomes of carpet weaver women. In order to do this, job performance of a sample of 238 employees who were exposed to a radical workplace change was analyzed. The means of the performance variables before and after five years of the workplace change were statistically compared via paired sample t-tests and the results indicated significant differences between pre and post means of the performance variables. A qualitative research was also carried out through a number of in-depth interviews with the carpet weavers to enrich the breadth and depth of the findings. Findings of the qualitative study replicated the results of the quantitative study that monotonous and unsocial working conditions lowered the job performance of the employees.     

Impact of Foreign Bank Entry on the Performance of Chinese Banks

This study investigates how foreign bank/investor penetrations influence local bank performance in China. At the country level, foreign bank penetration is proxied by MacroFP, measured by the percentage of banks with foreign strategic investors （FSI） among total banks. At the bank level foreign bank penetration is proxied by MicroFP, measured by the percentage shareholding of FSl in a bank. When foreign bank penetration is proxied by MacroFP, it is found to improve the profitability of local banks but not to reduce costs. Next, when foreign bank penetration is proxied by MicroFP, it is found to affect neither profitability nor costs. In sum, the present study demonstrates that the opening-up policy is correct from a macro perspective, However, for banks that have introduced FSI, determining the reasons for improvements in performance being inhibited is more important than releasing more shares to foreign investors.     

Cooperation Satisfaction and Performance： Empirical Evidence from Chinese Banks and Their Foreign Strategic Investors

In this paper, we investigate whether the mutual satisfaction of Chinese banks and foreign strategic investors （FSI） in terms of their cooperation with each other affects the performance of Chinese banks＇. Since 2004, China ＇s banking authority has conducted an annual survey on Chinese banks and their FSI, assessing levels of mutual satisfaction in terms of their cooperation. We use these survey results to examine the effects of satisfaction levels on the profitability of Chinese banks. Our results reveal that satisfaction affects profitability; that is, satisfied foreign investors and Chinese banks yield better performance. Satisfaction determinants for each party are also examined. Although the profitability of Chinese banks does not show a significant effect on the satisfaction of either party, bank loan to deposit ratios, regions of FSI home countries, and the type of Chinese banks＇ are important factors that might affect satisfaction.     

Team Management： A Reflection on Leadership to Achieve Success

This study aims at rethinking the posture and attitude of professionals in, managerial and leadership positions, regarding the organizational management, showing that it is possible to motivate a team, valuing the human and maintaining a good working environment, with respect and collective participation towards a common good by focusing on problem solving regardless the resources that the company can offer to encourage and satisfy its employees. In order to prepare this study, survey was conducted from empirical studies, literature surveys, and qualitative and quantitative approaches were used in a company linked to the tobacco sector. The results show that companies are still adapting to new paradigms of the market and seek to achieve greater productivity with the accomplishment of teamwork, considering aspects such as leadership, motivation, and interpersonal relationships.     

Relationship among personality traits, leadership behavior, and job stress in nurses in Yunlin, Taiwan

This study probes into the relationships among personality traits, leadership behavior, and job stress in nurses in Yunlin, Taiwan. The major questions addressed are as follows： What model precisely portrays the relationships among personality traits, leadership behavior, and job stress？ Exploration of the causal pathways among these variables revealed a suitable model. A structured, self-administered questionnaire with three scales was distributed to the subjects. The questionnaires were submitted to 350 nurses and 284 questionnaires were completed accounting for a response rate of 81.1 percent. The data were analyzed by statistic analysis including frequencies, means, path analysis using computer program SPSS for windows 14.0 and LISREL 8.7. Results demonstrated a significant, direct, and positive effect of personality traits on leadership behavior, as well as a significant negative indirect effect of personality traits on job stress through leadership behavior was also revealed in the findings. All paths in the model were significant （P〈0.1）. After the analysis of LISREL, the suitability of the framework was fine and proved that the model was applicable for the research. The results of this study will be used as a reference to develop strategies for human resource management.     

Executive Compensation： Pay-for-Performance in High-Technology Firms

This study examines the relationship between corporate performance and the Chief Executive Officer （CEO） compensation in high-technology firms in the S＆P 500. The total short- and long-term CEO compensation in high-technology was compared with other industrial sectors from standard classification codes and tested in terms of corporate performance. The ExecuComp database was used to find the variables and to create a sample of firms between 2004 and 2010. Important corporate performance variables are used in this work, such as assets, employees, sales, net income, and earnings per share （EPS）, as reported by the firms for each year. A panel data GLS with a fixed effect model for time is estimated that describes total compensation for the period between 2004 and 2010. The result was aligned with the theory of executive compensations to address agency problems and to examine CEO pay-for-performance. The main objective of this paper is to consistently demonstrate that the performance is determined for the total CEO compensation for short- and long-term periods and to examine whether the total remunergttion paid to CEOs in high-technology firms in the S＆P 500 is related to corporate finance. This work provides a better understanding of the relationship between compensation and performance in high-technology firms. Results suggest that high-tech firms tend to use more sophisticated performance measurements to determine CEO compensation.     

External information acquisition for decision making in small businesses

Markets are broadening and global trends have created a new competitive landscape for companies, moving along the information era. The proper acquisition and information management of external information may lead companies to acquire better knowledge, productivity, and, in general, better performance. This organizational behavior of information acquisition, in SMEs, has its own characteristics that must be analyzed to foster the designing and development of information technologies and organizational strategies.     

Effects of Turkish top managers＇ emotional and spiritual intelligences on their organizations＇ financial performance

This study proposed and tested a model that included the possible effects of Turkish top managers＇ spiritual and emotional intelligences on their organizations＇ financial performance. Two instruments, the short versions of ＂emotional quotient inventory （EQ-i：S）＂ and ＂integrated spiritual intelligence scale （ISIS）＂ were preferred to measure the two intelligences of top managers, who were selected from the organizations in the organized industrial zones of Istanbul. It was difficult to retrieve the financial data directly, and thus, the top managers were required to rate their organizations＇ financial performance relative to the competitors. The results were that some relationships were present among the factors of emotional and spiritual intelligences, but there wasn＇t a mixture （a combination） of these factors, and each of spiritual intelligence factors affected financial performance very weakly, whereas most factors of emotional intelligence didn＇t. The model showed that the two intelligences failed to affect financial performance positively altogether.     

The extension of two-factor model of justice： Hierarchical regression test and sample split

The purpose of this research is to test social capital as a moderating role in the relationship between organizational justice （distributive ＆ procedural） and （personal ＆ organizational） outcomes within the two-factor model. The two-factor model is a concept introduced by Sweeney and McFarlin （1993） who explained that distributive and procedural justices have different influences on outcomes. In the two-factor model, the effects of distributive justice on personal outcomes are more dominant compared with procedural justice. On the other side, procedural justice will be more accurate to predict the organizational outcomes compared with distributive justice. This model is based on U.S.A. setting research. Empirically, that model is not always supported in the field. The different empirical results indicate that the model is not universal cross population, but more dependent on individual differences. Based on theoretical studies, social capital is the individual differences that important in explaining human in cognition and behavior. This research is done in Indonesian setting where the researcher gathered 426 samples of full-time private university employees in Yogyakarta. In general, the result supported the hypothesis that high or low social capital will make differences in the relationship between organizational justices and personal organizational outcomes.     

Socialization of Values Through “Strategic Poles”

Two groups of second grade from a senior high school that is part of The Autonomous University of Sinaloa in Mexico （N1 = 47 and N2 = 46） were selected. Each group was divided by gender. The “average score” was measured as an indicator of academic achievement, before and after the intervention. In one of the groups, an intervention called “Socialization of Values Through Strategic Poles” was performed, while in the other group there was not intervention. The six students with highest academic achievement were trained about the importance of practicing life values such as respect, honesty, responsibility, self-discipline, solidarity and tolerance, as important aspects of being a good person and developing their human potential. These values were chosen according to the Association for Living Values Education International （ALIVE）; the values were discussed within the classroom where the students ranked them. Groups called “Strategic Poles to Socialize Values” were formed with the expectation that students with higher academic achievement influenced the students with lower achievement, so the latter could improve their academic performance. From the comparative study, the results showed that the group which received the intervention had higher achievement than the group that received no intervention. Women in the group that received intervention performed better than men of the same group. The performance of the research through intervention allowed us to observe its usefulness and to propose it as a viable option to promote values in today＇s society, both in business and school.     

An Analysis of State-Owned Banks＇ Behavior in NPL Disposition

This paper examines the phenomenon whereby state-owned banks in China tend to not only reduce their non-performing loans(NPLs ) through accepting settled assets, but also overvalue and delay liquidating settled assets. The results imply that the state-owned banks exhibit an obvious book loss aversion behavior when disposing their NPLs, i.e. they minimize book loss and hide real credit loss by settling their NPLs with overvalued assets. This paper suggests that this results mainly from improper regulations, weak financial strength, and over-restrictions on NPL disposition. Since introducing a valuation allowance on settled assets, as suggested by the regulatory body, will not produce the desired effect, this paper proposes that a performance measurement and penalty mechanism based on non-performin gassets instead of NPLs will change the banks‘ attitude towards NPL-asset settlement. In addition, a new internal control method governing the entire process from settlement to liquidation is also suggested.     

Commitment,Communication, and Leadership Determine the Leader： A Qualitative Analysis of Businessperson Characteristics Practiced by SME and Family Business Directors

This article outlines the details of an empirical study into the perceptions of small and medium-sized enterprise （SME） directors regarding the concepts of communication and commitment to leadership style and the interpretation of these concepts by way of depth interviews. The commitment by SME directors is represented by the themes of emotional commitment, visibility, financial bond, and personality traits. The communication by SME directors is represented by the themes of empathy, type of information, reaction and personality of the communication. The concept of leadership in the SME sector is typically closely associated to the charismatic leadership and the theory of the inclusive leadership （IL） style. The IL is a representation and use of all of the represented leadership styles depends on a situation. This study can be described as an exploratory study, consisting of qualitative in-depth interviews that were conducted with 19 directors of SMEs in the Netherlands and a qualitative matrix method was utilised.     

Financial Performance of SMEs Evidence on the Influence of Environmental Uncertainty： A Conceptual Framework

The purpose of this study is to understand the association between environmental uncertainty and financial performance of small and medium enterprises （SMEs）. Current study describes the influence of environmental uncertainty on the financial performance of SMEs in lraq. The objective of this study was to assess the influence of environmental uncertainty on financial performance of SMEs. SMEs play an important economic role in many countries. In Iraq for example, the available data from the Central Organization for Statistics （COS） indicate that private sector in Iraq consists primarily of SMEs where those companies represent 99% of all companies in lraq and this sector contributed over 50% of new jobs created. Despite their significance, facing competitive business environment, SMEs are required to develop innovation strategy in order to sustain competitive advantage. SMEs also are faced with the threat of failure with past statistics indicating that three out five fail within the first few months. This study sought to understand how SMEs manage the challenges they face. These challenges seem to change （evolve） according to different environmental uncertainty conditions. In this study, authors will develop an empirical model that can be applied in other sectors to improve financial performance of SMEs in lraq.     

Intercultural Competency Development in Conjunction With a Short Term Study Away Experience： Changes in Undergraduate Students

The purpose of this research was to examine whether undergraduate business students who participated in a short term study abroad course and intercultural competence building coursework demonstrated a significant increase in intercultural competence over those who only enrolled in the study abroad course. The 20 participants attended a small liberal arts College in Midwestern United States. The Intercultural Development Inventory （IDI） was administered to the participating students before and after their study away experience. The IDI （v.3） is based on the theoretical framework of the Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity （DMIS） introduced by Milton Bennett. The DMIS is based on the assumption that intercultural competence can be strengthen through the development of intercultural knowledge and experience with people from other cultures. The IDI has been used in numerous scholarly studies and has demonstrated valid and reliable results. It is a self-administered 50-item series of statements in which participants are asked to rate the level of their agreement with statements that address their relationship to and evaluation of cultural difference. In the model, people progress in a linear developmental fashion through six stages： defense, denial, polarization, minimization, acceptance, and adaptation. This study was designed to determine if students who studied away and completed intercultural coursework （prior intercultural knowledge and an intercultural experience） would increase their level of intercultural competency more than those students who just studied away （intercultural experience only） as measured by the change in their IDI scores. The results of this small sample show that intercultural coursework in conjunction with a short term study away experience can have a positive impact on individual intercultural development.     

The niponic management of human resources in the performance of the enterprises in the Iberian Peninsula

This article had an objective of studying the niponic management of human resources in the performance of the enterprises that work in the Iberian Peninsula. The search was to evaluate the competition in these enterprises when the niponic management of human resources was used. There were two used data base： one with an economic nature treating the performance of productivity in an enterprise economic view, of salary and technologic, and the other about the niponic management of human resources adopted by the enterprises using an list of questions. Through statistic evaluations it was verified that the competition between enterprises with niponic capital, it＇s not induced by the economic competition, and the same enterprises used competitive strategies based on the qualification of the human resources and technological process.     

Strategic Drift and Strategic Crisis Management of Organization

The research reports how the choice of the organization behavior--strategic drift can lead to strategic crisis as a form of manifestation of a deepening organizational crisis. The research questions whose solution is sought are connected with the relation of strategic drift--strategic crisis--strategic crisis management, in terms of whether the errors in the process of strategic management lead to organizational crises. The results of the historical analysis of the theoretical research and practice in this field show the interdependence among these processes and the reasons for strategic crisis in support of the concept of strategic crisis management and its implementation in business. The study outlines the evolution of the theory of strategic drift, as well as opinions of various scientists on the types of crises, which are perceived as a uniform classification and universal interpretation of the term ＂strategic crisis＂. The organization＇s ＂strategic drift＂ leads to serious organizational crisis which first form that strategic crisis. Practice shows that the management of market leaders often leads to complacency, choosing strategy stability. Soon, as a result of aggressive strategies or implemented innovations of their competitors, they lose their competitive position.     

Relationship marketing in health organizations and its effect on customer loyalty

This study was carried out to determine the role of relationship marketing in health organizations with regard to providing customer loyalty and to evaluate the views of patients related to relationship marketing activities. In this study, a questionnaire was applied to 371 patients in Kadlk0y Universal Hospital, which is a private hospital in Istanbul. As a result of the correlation analysis between the satisfaction level from hospital and customer loyalty, it was seen that there is a medium level positive relation between customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. The important implications of this study can be stated as follows： Keeping existing patient is significant as much as gaining new patient, the variables being effective for providing customer loyalty can show difference from one patient to another, the image of health organization is significant for providing customer loyalty, and customer loyalty can be acquired by making continuous communication with patients.