服务外包：现代服务业的新增长点

承接发达国家的离岸外包，大力发展服务外包产业，是浙江加速发展服务业特别是现代服务业，实现服务业结构调整升级的重要途径。[编者按]     

我国承接国际服务业外包业务的思考

一、服务业外包:国际产业转移的新趋势服务业外包是指作为生产经营者的业主将服务流程以商业形式发包给本企业以外的服务提供者的经济活动。服务业外包的发包方可以是企业,也可以是政府和社团组织等。通常,外包是以合同为基础的过境支付的形式进行。在新一轮产业转移进程中,跨国公司则通过建立可控制的离岸中心或海外子公司向第三方提供服务,而不直接地向当地的服务提供者分包业务,这种商业流程向海外转移的形式被称为服务离岸。服务业外包并非完全发生于服务行业,制造业和其他行业所需要的服务流程更倾向于对外发包。服务业外包的本质,是企…     

印度离岸服务外包的贸易竞争力效应分析

近年来,越来越多的密集使用信息通讯技术的服务业务被美国等发达国家离岸转移到了发展中国家,印度较早地把握住了这一机遇,使其离岸外包服务业迅速发展,并有效地促进了其社会经济发展。本文结合相关统计数据分析表明,近年来印度通过积极承接离岸服务外包业务有效提高了其技术水平、扩大了其投资规模、促进了其经济和贸易增长,但与此同时也有些问题需要印度今后认真加以面对和解决。     

中国(上海)自贸区对金融服务业发展的促进作用

中国(上海)自贸区的建立在一定程度上对金融服务业进行了改革,促进了金融服务业的发展。本文从银行服务更具竞争性、更多样化、离岸金融更开放;融资租赁主体和业务更广泛化;保险行业业务扩大化等方面进行阐述。最后得出自贸区将促进金融服务业的发展这一结论,并对中国金融服务业未来发展进行了展望。     

国外服务业贸易与FDI演进:文献综述及引申

国外学者关于服务贸易与产品贸易的联系与区别、影响服务贸易的因素、服务贸易的生产率效应和福利效应、服务业FDI流动、服务业FDI对生产率的影响及其福利效应、服务业贸易和服务业FDI对劳动力市场的影响等代表性研究成果表明:随着专业化分工的进一步深化以及科学的飞速发展,一些服务行业将从原有的制造业或者农业中分离出来。这就要求进一步深入对服务业贸易和服务业FDI的研究。     

服务业结构升级能够推动产业发展吗？——基于有效结构变化指数（ESC）的实证分析

推动服务业发展与产业结构升级是我国经济高质量发展的重要举措。本文创新性地将有效结构变化指数(ESC)应用于我国2008—2017年29个省份的服务业内部结构升级的影响效应分析,研究发现:ESC的影响效应主要通过延迟效应与加速效应传导,但两者在对服务业不同发展指标上的影响呈现差异;我国服务业ESC可推动服务业增加值与服务业就业人数的增长,但会抑制服务业劳动生产率与服务业平均工资的增长;生产性服务业与高端服务业ESC是驱动服务业增加值与服务业就业人数增长的重要来源,生产性服务业与非高端服务业ESC则会显著抑制服务业劳动生产率与服务业就业人数增长。与发达国家相比,我国在服务业内部结构升级上还有巨大空间与潜力,可通过结构持续优化来有效发挥结构配置效应,促进产业发展,并推动经济增长。     

发展现代服务业正当时

要抢抓机遇,充分发挥服务业发展的后发优势,使服务业成为经济转型升级的重要推动力量从全球范围看,世界经济正进入服务经济时代。服务业占世界经济比重已超过70%,发达国家中服务业占比75%以上,发展中国家服务业占比也将近60%,全球500强企业中56%的企业从事的是服务业。2011年,我国服务业增加值占GDP比重为43.1%,远低于发达国家及世界平均水平,其中金融保险、信息科技、高端物流等现代服务业比重则更为落后。作为沿海     

科技服务业FDI促进我国工业化的探讨

20世纪70年代以来,伴随着全球经济发展和产业结构优化升级,服务业逐渐成为发达国家经济发展的引擎。而在整个服务经济中,以高知识性、高技术性、高互动性和高创新性为主要特征的科技服务业得到了超常规的发展,逐步成为知识经济时代知识基础结构的重要组成部分。本文利用2008年1月到2011年9月的45个月度时间序列数据,对我国科技服务业FDI通过技术溢出效应的渠道促进我国工业化进行实证分析。分析表明:科技服务业各行业的FDI与我国工业化是双向促进的关系;科技服务业中的技术服务和地质勘查业和信息传输、计算机服务和软件业促进作用较大,而金融服务业的促进作用较小。     

中国服务业引资战略探析

随着经济全球化与世界服务市场的开放。服务业的外商直接投资（FDI）在国际总投资中的比重不断提高，2002年起已超过制造业，成为外商直接投资最重要的领域。近年来，随着跨国公司新一轮全球产业布局调整的展开。国际服务业通过项目外包、业务离岸化、外商直接投资等方式，向新兴市场国家转移的趋势逐渐明显。而且转移的服务业包含了物流、咨询、信息等知识、技术密集型的现代服务业，这为我国扩大服务业、尤其是现代服务业外资的引进和吸收，进一步优化外资产业和行业结构提供了大好机遇。然而，由于我国各服务行业普遍不发达，实力强大的跨国服务企业大量进入后，不仅会对我国的服务企业构成强有力的竞争威胁。甚至将威胁到国家安全。因此，制定和实施适当的服务业引资战略有其必要性和紧迫性。     

离岸服务外包:成因、发展前景及承接策略

在新一轮国际产业转移中,全球服务业正在迅速由发达国家向发展中国家转移。把握服务业国际转移的机遇,积极承接离岸服务外包已成为迫切需要解决的问题。充分发挥政府的基础性作用、加快外包人才的开发、构建企业联盟和加强品牌建设是中国承接离岸服务外包的重要策略。     

Regional production networks,service offshoring,and productivity in East Asia

Using the Asian International Input–Output Table (1990, 1995, and 2000), this paper explores regional production networks and offshoring of material and service inputs in East Asia. In doing so, offshoring is measured directly from the Table, which has not been used in previous literature regarding this issue. It turns out that East Asian countries source significant shares of inputs within East Asia. In addition to material offshoring, service offshoring in East Asia has become increasingly common in the era of globalization. We also evaluate the effects of this fast growing offshoring on productivity. Our econometric results demonstrate that offshoring exerts a significant and positive impact on total factor productivity in East Asia. Service offshoring, in particular, performs a more significant role than material offshoring.     

Offshoring and the Elasticity of Labour Demand

This paper examines the impact of offshoring on labour demand and labour demand elasticities for a sample of 40 countries over the period 1995–2009 using the World Input–output Database (WIOD). Estimating the conditional labour demand model we find that offshoring impacts negatively labour demand, and in particular the demand for low- and medium-educated labour, with some evidence indicating that offshoring has tended to increase labour demand elasticities. Of particular interest are results for the subsamples of developed and developing countries. Most notably, we find that the negative effects of offshoring in developed countries are largest for high-educated labour, an outcome which we show is due to the offshoring of developed countries with other developed countries.     

Offshoring,wages, and heterogeneity

Considering heterogeneous responses by skill group to material and service offshoring, we examine the relationship between offshoring and the individual wages of workers in the U.S. labor market. We find that offshoring has been beneficial for high-skill workers but detrimental for middle- and low-skill workers. In particular, service offshoring, which has been widespread since 2000, has severely affected the labor market, compared to material offshoring.     

Offshoring, domestic outsourcing and productivity: evidence for a number of European countries

The growth in offshoring and its economic effects have been subject to extensive empirical analysis. Yet, many studies have not distinguished accurately between offshoring, domestic outsourcing, and supplier changes. The present study provides stylized facts on offshoring in Europe between 1995 and 2008 taking into account this distinction. This study shows that service activities have been systematically offshored and outsourced domestically during this period, whereas manufacturing activities have been systematically offshored or moved from domestic to foreign suppliers. Overall the share of internal production has gone down by 4.5 percentage points, which raises the question whether firms have achieved productivity gains through this specialisation effort. Combining industry-level data on offshoring and domestic outsourcing with a firm panel, this study finds that service offshoring and offshoring of non-core manufacturing activities have contributed to an increase in productivity, whereas no statistically significant link is found for offshoring of core manufacturing activities and domestic outsourcing. The estimated productivity gains are found to be driven in particular by the gains of multinational firms.     

Firm-level effects of offshoring of materials and services on relative labor demand

Based on firm-level data over the period 1997–2002 for the Swedish manufacturing sector the objective of this paper is to analyze relative labor demand effects due to offshoring, separating between materials and services offshoring and also geographical location of trade partner. Overall, our results give no support to the fears that offshoring of materials or services lead to out-location of high-skilled activity in Swedish firms. Rather, this paper finds evidence that the aggregate effects from offshoring lead to increasing relative demand of high-skilled labor, mainly due to services offshoring to middle income countries.     

Offshoring and the Skill Structure of Labour Demand in Belgium

A major concern regarding the consequences of offshoring is the worsening of the labour market position of low-skilled workers. This paper addresses this issue by providing evidence on the impact of offshoring on the skill structure of manufacturing employment in Belgium between 1995 and 2007. Offshoring is found to significantly lower the employment share of low-skilled workers. Its contribution to the fall in the employment share of low-skilled workers amounts to 35 %. This is mainly driven by offshoring to Central and Eastern European countries. While most of the previous papers on this subject focus on materials offshoring, we show that offshoring of business services also contributes significantly to the fall in the low-skilled employment share. As a complement to the existing literature, we compare the widely used current price measure of offshoring with a constant price measure that is based on a deflation with separate price indices for domestic output and imports. This reveals that the former underestimate the extent of offshoring and its impact on low-skilled employment. Finally, we also find that the impact of offshoring on low-skilled employment is significantly smaller in industries with a higher ICT capital intensity.     

中国承接服务外包中的FDI因素研究

在经济全球化背景下,跨国公司归核化战略和全球价值链的建立带动了全球分工的深化和创新,出现了产品内分工。FDI和外包作为跨国公司离岸分工的两种模式,对东道国/承接国来说既可能出现替代关系也可能出现互补关系。同时,国际服务外包作为服务业离岸转移的一种重要形式已经成为世界服务业现代化、全球化发展的趋势。为此,本文在比较分析外包和FDI的经济效应及其对东道国/承接国影响的基础上,通过实证研究发现,当前外资是推动我国承接服务外包的一个重要动力,即在中国,FDI与服务外包属于互补关系而非替代关系。由此,结合当前中国引进FDI面临的新形势,笔者认为,中国应当积极利用FDI来推动服务外包的发展,从而实现国内产业结构的顺势升级。     

Import competition from and offshoring to low-income countries: Implications for employment and wages at U.S. domestic manufacturers

Using confidential linked firm-level trade transactions and census data between 1997 and 2012, we provide new evidence on how American firms without foreign affiliates adjust employment and wages as they adapt to import competition from low-income countries. We provide stylized facts on the input sourcing strategies of these domestic firms, contrasting them with multinationals operating in the same industry. We then investigate how changes in firm input purchases from low-income countries as well as domestic market import penetration from these sources are correlated with changes in employment and wages at surviving domestic firms. Greater offshoring by domestic firms from low-income countries correlates with larger declines in manufacturing employment and in the average production workers’ wage. Given the negative association, however, the estimated magnitudes are small, even for a narrow measure of offshoring that includes only intermediate goods. Import penetration of U.S. markets from these sources is associated with relatively larger changes in employment for arm’s length importing firms, but has no significant correlation with employment changes at firms that do not trade. Given differences in the degree of both offshoring and import penetration, we find substantial variation across industries in the magnitude of changes associated with low-income country imports.     

非股权离岸服务贸易产生的原因分析

本文考察非股权离岸服务贸易市场的离岸外包与承包之间均衡的决定,分析了最终服务生产商是否外包、外包多少以及服务承包商是否承包标准化的中间服务这一问题。本文的分析表明,这一均衡状态由生产标准化的中间服务的服务外包商和承包商的生产成本、交易成本、管理成本、两国的劳动力价格以及服务外包商的垄断定价能力等决定。     

Offshoring and the skill structure of labour demand

In this paper we examine the link between international outsourcing—or offshoring—and the skill structure of labour demand for a sample of 40 countries over the period 1995–2009. The paper uses data from the recently compiled World Input–Output Database to estimate a system of variable factor demand equations. These data allow us to exploit both a cross-country and cross-industry dimension and split employment into three skill categories. Our results indicate that while offshoring has impacted negatively upon all skill levels within industries, the largest impacts have been observed for medium-skilled workers. Such results are consistent with recent evidence indicating that medium-skilled workers have suffered to a greater extent than other skill types in recent years.