The legacy of the Separate Amenities Act: Perceptions of recreation and future planning in the Northern Province,South Africa

Since 1990, South Africa has been undergoing a socio‐political transformation from apartheid to non‐racial democracy. This transformation culminated in April 1994, with the first‐ever general election in which people of all races participated. However, in this period of change there has not been much integration of previously separate recreational spaces, especially in more conservative regions such as the Northern Province. This article examines the perceptions, knowledge and awareness of urban blacks with regard to outdoor recreation. It also explores their expectations under the new political dispensation, as envisaged by the Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) of the new government. Finally, it looks at five key aspects of planning and development for deprived communities, namely education, marketing, structural constraints, public participation in development, and the development of tourism.     

Towards internal cohesion? The role of local government in economic development under the EU Single Programme in Northern Ireland

This paper focuses on the extent to which EU funding available under the Local Economic Development Measure of the Northern Ireland Single Programme (1994-99) has encouraged local government in Northern Ireland to adopt a new role in local economic development. It also considers whether the implementation of the Measure has effectively addressed its objectives of economic and social cohesion. It discusses the rationale for district council involvement and concludes that the local government structure in Northern Ireland requires adaptation to optimise the impact of the aid on offer.     

Rural poverty in the Eastern Cape Province: Legacy of apartheid or consequence of contemporary segregationism?

Poverty in South Africa in general has not declined since 1994, and it is particularly severe in the former Bantustans. This paper discusses two important issues related to rural poverty in the Eastern Cape Province. It questions the applicability of the notion of legacy to explain recent trends in rural poverty and constructs an argument that explains these trends in relation to post-1994 segregationism. It argues that the notion of legacy is not useful in explaining why rural poverty remains entrenched, long after 1994. Rural poverty today cannot be explained as something left behind after the end of apartheid, because its causes and drivers are the same now in 2012 as they were in 1970. The continuity between the pre- and post-1994 periods is best described by exploring and understanding post-1994 policy decisions and power configurations as an expression of contemporary segregationism.     

湖北省集群式乡镇民营企业现状调查

文章以湖北省集群式乡镇民营企业的调查结果为依据,对其基本特征进行了分析,指出了湖北省集群式乡镇民营企业在企业规模、组织形式、政府服务、资金与人才等方面的问题所在。各级地方政府除了要为这些企业提供优良的公共产品和有力的制度保障外,还需要提高集群式乡镇民营企业基本要素的配置效率,保持可持续发展。     

Reconstructing rural education: Planning for equal access to rural schools in the North West Province

The eighteen former apartheid education departments in South Africa now fall under the authority of a single ministry. However, the full integration of various education authorities at the district and local levels within a unified delivery system that maximises non‐racial access to rural schools, has yet to be accomplished. A study was initiated in the rural Marico and Lehurutshe regions of the North West Province to investigate how equitable access to rural schools on a non‐racial basis could be achieved, and to identify practical constraints on systems of delivery. Over 100 schools in the study area were mapped using Geographical Information Systems technology. It is clear that the characteristics of the education system inherited from the apartheid past will impede the reconstruction of rural education. In order to plan accurately for compulsory schooling, planners will need more detailed population data on out‐of‐school students. They will also have to take into account local geographical features and economic growth nodes near which schools may be placed in order to maximise efficiency and accessibility.     

South African social security under apartheid and beyond 1

Under apartheid, the trappings of a welfare state for whites were created. Over time, social security was gradually extended to other groups, and recently social assistance benefits were equalised. This left South Africa with high social security levels for a middle‐income developing country. However, the social security system still largely reflects the historical needs of vulnerable white groups under apartheid, among whom unemployment was minimal, given their preferential access to jobs and education. Thus the social security system now has inadequate provision for the most vulnerable, the unemployed. In contrast, four out of five pensioners receive a means‐tested social pension — a major poverty‐alleviating factor in rural black communities. This article analyses the social security system against the backdrop of apartheid and the more recent democratisation, and assesses its major deficiencies, the forces acting for its expansion and the binding fiscal constraint.     

关于小城镇建设的思考

目前,农村小城镇建设成为我国城镇化建设最具活力的组织部分和主导力量,本文以吉林省松原市前郭县查干花镇的城镇化建设为例,以小见大,找出我国在城镇化建设中面临的一些困难,并探讨怎样解决问题的对策.     

The Midrand area: An emerging high‐technology cluster?

This article takes a close look at art emerging high‐technology cluster in a developing country ‐ Midrand in South Africa ‐ to develop a deeper understanding of its nature, why it emerged and the problems it faces. Midrand lies within the Gauteng province, which has a disproportionately large share of South Africa's private and public demand, as well as factor inputs for high‐technology sectors. The cluster is growing rapidly and includes a large contingent of high‐tech multinationals and blue‐chip local firms. The cluster is not, however, based on research and development but rather on head office, warehousing and distribution functions, and manufacturing. Its success is built on a central location, high visibility, a positive high‐tech image, good quality of life, a visionary town council, good investment returns, low operating costs and a lack of local competition. Its weaknesses are that it has not been built on a solid foundation of high‐tech infrastructure and lacks high‐tech dynamism, rendering its locational advantage somewhat fragile.     

Prices and real wages in seventeenth‐century Madrid

This article focuses on the evolution of real wages earned by building labourers and craftsmen in Madrid during the seventeenth century. After a substantial rise brought about by the arrival of the Court in 1561, real wages experienced a remarkable fall from 1621–30 onwards. Our thesis is that the fiscal and monetary policies pursued by the Crown to fund its ambitious imperial policy exerted a clear influence on this decline. The currency manipulations of the low‐value petty coin (maravedí) drove serious losses in the real wages of building labourers and craftsmen between 1621 and 1680. In the years around 1665 the real wages of both groups had fallen below the levels of 1561–1600, and the indirect taxes levied by the Crown and the town council contributed to keeping real wages stagnant at around the low levels of 1665–80 between 1681 and 1700. Although this issue merits further research, it seems unlikely that building labourers and craftsmen could have offset the decline in their real wages through an increase in the number of hours worked or a rise in the number of work days.     

Inter‐communal institutions in medieval trade

This article examines the institutional structure of medieval overseas trade to explain why trade thrived even in the absence of the state. The literature has dealt mainly with intra‐coalition or intra‐community relations. However, the literature does not answer the question of how institutions could be created that could support interaction between a large number of distant communities and between merchants who did not necessarily know one another. This article presents such an institution that prevailed in the Baltic Sea region in the late middle ages, referred to here as the inter‐communal conciliation mechanism. In case of a dispute, conciliation took place between town councils, rather than the merchants involved in the dispute, thus combining individual liability and communal enforcement. Exploration of the documents reveals a task‐specific regularity of behaviour, which was the general practice among merchants to turn to the council of their own community when they had problems in a foreign town, instead of being obliged to solve disputes by themselves. This institution provided a permanent, centralized, and relatively impartial enforcement mechanism to respond to breaches. It was therefore well adapted to large, at least partially anonymous markets, such as the Baltic Sea region, with dozens of towns and thousands of merchants.     

The challenge of growth,employment and poverty in the South African economy since democracy: an exploratory review of selected issues

The welfare challenges in post‐apartheid South Africa are best represented by the triumvirate of poverty, income inequality and unemployment. In turn, the one generally accepted mechanism for overcoming these challenges is for an economy to realise sustained levels of high economic growth. Herein lie the essential coordinates of this article. We attempt first to describe the post‐apartheid experience with economic growth and its determinants. Secondly, we describe the nature of the welfare challenges that the society faces in terms of poverty, income inequality and unemployment. Finally, and perhaps most critically, we explore the various constraints on economic growth that may be hindering the realisation of higher standards of living amongst the population.     

利用PPP模式促进中原经济区建设

随着国务院《关于支持河南省加快建设中原经济区的指导意见》的出台,建设中原经济区正式上升为国家战略。实现中原经济区建设的战略目标,需要政府提供大量的公共产品和服务。本文在分析PPP模式为促进中原经济区建设提供资金保障、政策引导和增强市场活力的基础上,对利用PPP模式建设中原经济区的关键问题进行了阐述。     

The South African city in relation to international city form

South Africa's apartheid‐induced cities are on the threshold of a critical restructuring in the changing South Africa of the 1990s. The reform and planning of an effective post‐apartheid city require careful consideration of possible international similarities and links. This article seeks to provide answers to the following questions: What are the form and structure of international cities; what are the general characteristics of the South African city; and where do our cities fit in this international framework? Research has shown that the South African city corresponds to a multi‐faceted international profile of First World prosperity. Second World central intervention and Third World deprivation. While the South African city displays numerous similarities to international city form, it has obtained a unique character as a result of the legal enforcement of apartheid. Restructuring the post‐apartheid city will have to take account of the reality that the present South African city is intrinsically a deviant version of the colonial Third World city and that it is likely to revert increasingly to that city form as legal apartheid disappears.     

New Wine in Old Bottles? England's Parish and Town Councils and New Labour's Neighbourhood Experiment

This paper deals with English parish and town councils in the context of English local government reform. It explores their potential for community and local economic development and in fulfilling a role in neighbourhood government in the light of the current UK Government's declared intention of empowering neighbourhoods. There are some suggestions for the development of realistic 'grass roots' local government and examples of involvement in local area regeneration. It ends with some thoughts on legislation currently (June 2007) before Parliament, and in particular on their reception in London. Much of material on which this paper is based was gathered through project work undertaken for Defra, the Countryside Agency (now the Commission for Rural Communities) and the Society for Local Council Clerks, dealing, with variously, the capacity and democratic legitimacy of local councils and their relationship with principal authorities and other community and statutory agencies. Altogether, approximately 130 interviews were conducted with parish and town council councillors and clerks, officers and members of principal authorities, and officers of County Associations of Local Councils. A case study approach was adopted, covering a large number of English counties and the cities of Bradford and Milton Keynes.     

Post-apartheid urban geography: A case study of Greater Johannesburg's Rapid Land Development Programme

This article addresses the twin issues of urbanisation and the eradication of the socio-spatial patterns of apartheid in South African cities through the presentation of a case study – the Greater Johannesburg Metropolitan Council's Rapid Land Development Programme (RLDP), initiated in 1995. This has been one of the few housing delivery programmes in the country since 1994 which has attempted to address these two issues simultaneously (the Marconi Beam Development in Cape Town being another). The significance of the RLDP lies not only in its marginal success, but also in its failures. It brought to the surface the intractable ideologies and vested interests behind the patterns of property ownership in South African cities, as well as the lack of policies or procedures to challenge them. As a result, urban development in general, and in Greater Johannesburg in particular has, since 1994, reinforced rather than confronted apartheid geography.     

黑龙江省城镇经济增长模型研究

黑龙江省的城镇经济发展取得长足进步,深入分析促进经济增长的各变量贡献值有助于促进城镇经济更好更快地发展。本文在对黑龙江省1992～2013年统计数据处理的基础上,采用柯布-道格拉斯函数和索洛余值法对黑龙江省城镇经济发展中的技术进步贡献率进行测定,再结合着现实经济发展中存在的若干问题,给出实现黑龙江省城镇经济发展的若干建议。     

镇级可再生能源多能互补耦合供能研究

随着城市化推进,镇域经济体的能源结构发生变化,因社会可持续发展需要,提高可再生能源渗透率备受关注.以能量四环节理论作为能源研究方法,构建涵盖"源-网-荷-储"技术环节的终端一体化供能系统.利用能量四环节理论规划设计了江苏省盐城市黄海湿地特色小镇.案例研究表明:可再生能源能够实现镇级区域能源基本自治;可打通"发-输-配-用-售"环节,实现镇级能源互联网;环境与社会效益较好,经济性较差.特色小镇全可再生能源多能互补耦合供能可作为城市化过程中新的供能模式之一.     

Education and employment following apartheid protests

Demonstrations, rallies, boycotts, and other forms of protest were common under apartheid in South Africa. Using a compilation of more than 150 geocoded protests between 1948 and 1990, this paper compares people affected and unaffected by protests at every age throughout childhood. Exposure to protests before age 14 was associated with 2.7 percent fewer years of completed schooling. This difference was larger following violent protests, and for African residents of South Africa. On the other hand, people who experienced protests as children were up to 6.9 percent more likely to be employed as adults. The paper considers social solidarity as a possible channel connecting protests to changes in education and employment, and finds that places that had more protests during apartheid had lower reported levels of trust and physical safety in the years after apartheid ended.     

皖北地区农民增收的文化成本探析

本文应用新文化经济学和文化成本理论,对皖北地区农民收入偏低、增幅偏缓进行分析,提出思想观念文化、科学技术文化、制度文化对皖北地区农民增收具有重要意义,通过对皖北地区农民增收的文化成本审视,得出区域文化成本调控的主体和途径。     

发达省份区域增长失衡的回应:苏南与苏北

改革开放以来江苏省经济发展迅速,但区域增长失衡问题一直非常明显,与经济水平高度发达的苏南地区相比,苏北地区经济发展相对落后,对此在内生增长理论的基础上进行实证研究:资本投入不足、资本收益较低是苏北发展缓慢从而导致苏南苏北差距的主要原因.人力资本的外溢效应和交通基础设施等是导致苏南苏北地区增长失衡的重要因素,而苏中崛起战略可以带动苏北经济的发展。