The Attitude of Developed and Developing Countries Towards the Kyoto Protocol and the Case of Turkey

The problem of global climate change is one of the biggest present-day global problems. This problem, which has become a current issue because of the energy crisis that happened in 1970s, as well as growing awareness of environment, have not only changed the notion of development but also led to a transformation of non-renewable energy resources. Due to rapid population growth, the depletion of the non-renewable energy resources and the raising consciousness about global climate change our comprehension of traditional development has yielded to sustainable development, while energy structure and preferences have also changed from non-renewable energy resources to renewable energy resources. As this changed pattern and problem are global, they have removed the borders among governments, required international cooperation and thus, new international actors have stepped in. In this study, the countries are divided into two parts as developed countries and developing countries. As developed countries; USA and EU countries are selected while China and India are selected as developing countries. Also as a developing country, Turkey＇s energy and climate policies, attitude towards the Kyoto Protocol signed within the scope of United Nations and the positive and the negative effects of the Protocol on the country are investigated. In this sense, it has been observed that the question of whether or not the Protocol contributes to the economy of developing countries correlates with whether or not these countries are on the side of the Protocol and it has also been observed that being on the side of the Protocol is not a threat to Turkey＇s development. If applied correctly, the policies that Turkey will pursue within the scope of the Protocol will help the country to reduce foreign energy dependency and cooperate with other countries. A comparative method is used in this paper.     

Investment and Innovation State Support of Agriculture in Russia as a Condition of WTO

Russian agriculture is one of the industries operating in the unstable economic situation in a developing market taking into account risks of the world economy, economic, political, and climatic factors. The role of agriculture is to provide people＇s needs for food, significant effects on employment, the efficiency of domestic production, and way of life in rural areas by obligatory preserving food security in Russia. One of the major tasks for agriculture is the development of innovations and investments aimed at improving the competitiveness of the domestic agricultural sector. Russia＇s membership in the WTO since 2012 is getting a particular importance in the innovation and investment support of agriculture. The strategy of innovative development of the Russian Federation until 2020 ＂Innovative Russia--2020＂ assumes three possible options for innovative development： inertial （directed on imports）, catch-up development and a local technological competitiveness and a variant of achieving leadership in leading scientific and technical sectors, and fundamental research. A positive point is that the strategy provides an algorithm of state support of the innovation cycle. The innovation cycle is the process associated with the sequence of innovation transformations （scientific or business ideas） in products, technology, business process and launches it on the market for commercial use. A positively developing regional aspect is of great importance.     

Analysis on the Present Development Situation of Tour Electronic Information Technology

Being the fierce development of tour on-line service, network conducts acting as the carriers of on-line service have been developed quickly, by which the tour website has been produced and developed. China＇s tour e-commerce will rely on the traditional profession entity and the professional industry resources by the development of electronic commerce, raising the management level that uses a relation on the information-based foundation.     

The hazards and governance of China＇s state-owned monopoly enterprises

Monopoly was formed in the course of capitalism development, but it also exists in socialist countries now. China＇s state-owned monopoly enterprises have made adverse effect even a certain hazards in many aspects of the national economy, such as economic development, income distribution, consumers＇ rights and interests, international competition and exchanges. The reform of China＇s state-owned monopoly enterprises has been on the agenda, and it has become the focus of China＇s economic system reform.     

The interaction between paternalistic leadership style,organizational justice and organizational citizenship behavior： A study from Turkey

The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of paternalistic leadership style on justice perceptions of the employees. Even though the impact of organizational justice＇s affect on employee attitudes and behaviors is a huge area of interest, the antecedents of organizational justice perceptions is a topic that needs to be further developed and leadership is one of them. In the previous studies, the impact of transformational and transactional leadership on justice was searched, but the impact of a culturally specific model namely paternalistic leadership hasn＇t been clearly investigated. This study was conducted in Turkey which respects paternalistic culture with 329 employees working in various sectors in Istanbul. The regression analyses proved that paternalistic leadership has an impact on organizational justice perceptions and organizational citizenship behaviors of the employees. And the mediating affect of organizational justice between paternalistic leadership styles and OCB was also questioned. Research models for the next studies and managerial implications were suggested.     

Why Jo Refused Love From Laurie？ --reflection on Little Women

Little Women was a family novel with the nature of autobiography. The author was Louisa May Alcott. It is one of the best loved books of all time. It has been translated into dozens of languages and sold millions of copies throughout the world. Base on Louisa May Alcott＇ s childhood, this lively portrait of nineteenth-century family life possesses vitality that has endeared it to generations of readers. The novel emphasized their individuality and the dignity. This article mainly analyzes the relationship between Jo and Laurie, which worth reconsidering to all and it reflect the writer＇ s main idea of the whole novel.     

The Foundation and Pattern Choice for the Sustainable Development of Chinese Financial Trust Industry

Since it was resumed in 1979, China＇s financial trust industry has experienced five major improvement and rectification. With the implementation and promulgation of ＂one law and two regulations＂ and the establishment of China＇s Trust Industry Association, financial trust industry is developing into a relatively good stage. In view of practice and regular patterns of its development, we have to set up ideas of sustainable development so as to prevent the financial trust industry from involving in a circle of ＂development-- reorganization---development again--reorganization again＂. At present, the premise to realize financial trust industry＇s sustainable development is to fully understand the unique comparative advantage of financial trust industry and establish scientific market function.     

China＇s Regional Disparity and Its Policy Responses

The fruits of China＇s rapid economic development over the 3 decades have not been distributed fairly across different regions. Using data from a sample of 815 Chinese listed firrns during 1998-2004, our error-correction investment model showes evidence of different financial constraints on firms＇ investment in different regions. We argue that China＇s regional development policies have contributed greatly to the regional inequalities. To control the rising inequality, China has shifted its focus from the coast to the interior regions. However, it is becoming increasingly difficult for the government to direct the economy, as market mechanisms now have afar greater influence on the economy than the government does. The people-centered approach of the current leadership has meant that substantial attention has been placed on regional development disparities in an attempt to build a ＂harmonious society. ＂ China needs further extensive reforms if all the measures for reducing regional disparity are to be effective.     

Government Policies and Private Enterprise Development in China： 2003-2006

The relationship between government policy and economic development has been a long- standing topic of academic research andpolicy debate. The government of a transitional economy plays an important role in the process of economic development. Over the past three decades, the Chinese economy has been growing very rapidly, in particular because of the rapid development of the private sector. However, the performance of private enterprises is still affected by government policies. In the present paper, we examine the changes in large Chinese private enterprises performance during 2003-2006 and test the determinants of such changes. We conclude that the Chinese Government＇s discriminating policies against private enterprises are the main cause of the private sector＇s downturn.     

Effects of Turkish top managers＇ emotional and spiritual intelligences on their organizations＇ financial performance

This study proposed and tested a model that included the possible effects of Turkish top managers＇ spiritual and emotional intelligences on their organizations＇ financial performance. Two instruments, the short versions of ＂emotional quotient inventory （EQ-i：S）＂ and ＂integrated spiritual intelligence scale （ISIS）＂ were preferred to measure the two intelligences of top managers, who were selected from the organizations in the organized industrial zones of Istanbul. It was difficult to retrieve the financial data directly, and thus, the top managers were required to rate their organizations＇ financial performance relative to the competitors. The results were that some relationships were present among the factors of emotional and spiritual intelligences, but there wasn＇t a mixture （a combination） of these factors, and each of spiritual intelligence factors affected financial performance very weakly, whereas most factors of emotional intelligence didn＇t. The model showed that the two intelligences failed to affect financial performance positively altogether.     

The Service Concept for Improving an Organization＇s Value Adding

As the world＇ s economic developing, the service has become a major kind of adding value method. To get a clear understanding of how the service adding the value for the orgamzation, this paper will choose a service organization to analysis the service operating and the Service Alignment. Furthermore, to analysis the above two sectors to get the clear service concept of the organization.To get a clear view of the service concept of an organization, I will choose the Sunderland Royal Hospital as the researching object of my assignment.     

Analysis on Decision Factor and Mechanism of Enterprises in New Economy

New economy is information economy, knowledge economy, service economy and network economy. In new economy, great changes have taken place in enterprises＇ decision factors such as object, criteria, information, man and approach. Therefore, the decision mechanism of enterprise has changed. It＇s material carder, motivation and controlling factors make decisions become more scientific and rapid, so that it can meet the needs of new economy.     

On the Management of Prevention and Control of Water Pollution in China

In China, per capita water resource is hard up very much, and it has already become a very important restrictive factor to the economic growth, for over 20 years, the water quality of the river basins of our country has worsened continuously, further aggravated the pressure from water resource !o society and economic development. Though the party and government have done a large amount of work; and have made great achievements in prevention and control of water pollution, but as a whole, the severe situation of water pollution hasn＇t been changed radically, in some areas, it＇s being still aggravated. The appearance of this situation involves numerous causes of many aspects, such as the thought, technology, method and system, etc. The author maintains that we must strengthen the construction of legal system, and overcome the problem of soft management existing at pre sent, to enhance the dynamics of prevention and control of water pollution; simultaneously sets forth a concept： on the basis of green accounting, use the economic means, harden the interest restriction, strengthen the management of preventing and controlling of water pollution; hopes to offer a new way of thought for improving the water quality and environment.     

The Ideal Characteristics and Content of a Database and Its Useful Application in Improving the Effectiveness of Direct Marketing Campaigns

Direct marketing is now a well-known discipline and widely used in almost every industry all around the world. The mid to late 2000s saw a huge growth of direct marketing due to the development of technology and the increasing number of well-educated marketers（Tapp,2008）. According to the UK＇s lmtitute of Direct Marketing（as cited in Sargeant ＆West,2001,p.7）, Direct marketing is＂ the planned recording, analysis and tracking of customer＇s direct response behaviour over dme...in order to develop future marketing strategies for long term customer loyalty and to ensure continued business growth＂. As Tapp（2008） points out that database is the core of direct marketing. So what is a database in the field of direct marketing？ A definition is given by Tapp（2008,p.32）＂A marketing database is a list of customers＇ and prospects＇ records that enables strategic analysis, and individual selections for and customer service support. The data is organized around the customer＂     

Evaluate the impact of deregulation within the European Union on the airline operations

Since the first major breakthrough of regulation in June 1984 in Europe, many elements such as customer service level have been affected significantly in airline operation. This paper will represent how customer service level has been influenced in the management of airline operation, which will be focus on three scopes. Above all, the quality of customer service level become much more important than before related to the competitive advantage. Beside, due to the market change a lot, the passengers needs become a crucial factor for the measurement and improvement of customer service level. Finally, the improvement and diversification of product symbolize the dramatic changed of customer service level.     

Application of Self-organization Theory in Flexible Manufacturing System

The self-organizing theory which was formed and developed in last century is a subject that studies complex system. It has been widely applied to such fields as physics, living beings, society, economic management, etc.. According to the changes of market demand and the need of competition at present, this paper gives a new definition to the enterprise＇s flexible manufacturing system and analyzes the properties and characters of it, thinking that it is qualified to form dissipative structure. With the usage of self-organization theory, this paper proposes some suggestions and measures to improve the operation efficiency of enterprise＇s flexible manufacturing system.     

Actuality Analysis of the Development of Industry Association in China and its Countermeasures

With China＇s entry into WTO and the globalization of the market economy, changing the old management mode of administration of Chinese employer＇s organization as soon as possible and building the function mode of modem market mechanism have already, become the urgent task of China＇s economic reform and development. Based on the current situation of the development of industry association in China, this paper lists the problems and difficulties faced in the development of employer＇s organization at present and puts forward corresponding countermeasures and suggestions by analyzing the problems.     

Growing Economic Interdependence of China and the Gulf Cooperation Council

The six nations of the Gulf Cooperation Council （GCC） have approximately 40percent of total proven oil reserves as well as 23 percent of the world＇s gas reserves. Although rising oil revenues have led to greater outward investment flows, there is also a growing need for significant expansion of the domestic energy sector＇s capacity. Meanwhile, China＇s sustained economic boom has resulted in China emerging as the world＇s second largest consumer and importer o foil, with close to 40percent of its import demand presently sourced from the GCC. This share will grow significantly in the future. Commercial relations between the GCC and China have to date been dominated by energy-related bilateral investment flows and China＇s oil imports. Although this will continue to be a central feature, trade and investment links in non-energy areas will further broaden and deepen the relationship. China ＇s relationship with the USA in terms of energy is also emerging as a major issue. Rather than being competitors, a mutual dependence on stable and secure supplies from the GCC highlights the need for a cooperative relationship.     

A Study on Henry James＇ The Portrait of a Lady

Henry James （1843-1916） is a great American litterateur, literary critic and a famous novelist of psychological realism in the nineteenth century, who occupies an important position in American literary and history, even the whole world. Among all James＇ s literary works, the novels of the international theme dealing with the intercultural eonfliets between the innocence of American and the sophistication of European are the most eonspieuous and widely discussed.