“双碳”视阈下我国降碳驱动机制研究——来自能源开采业的证据

能源开采业作为双高行业之一，如何降碳成为推动我国低碳减排进程的重要课题。文章采用数据定量分析及空间自相关实证分析，得出碳排放量具有空间相关性，并通过构建空间计量模型分析各驱动因素对碳排放的影响以及通过分解来探究空间溢出效应。研究结果表明：外商直接投资与经济发展水平是实现本地区碳排放减少的主要抓手，人口聚集度对本地与毗邻地区的碳排放呈不同效应，能源消费结构与行业发展水平均是促进行业碳排放提升的重要因素。为进一步细化研究，文章对我国东、中、西部地区分组进行回归，得出各驱动因素对不同地区呈差异化，尤其是西部地区，外商直接投资与行业发展水平对碳排放具有显著的抑制作用，但由于资金和技术受限，其降碳效果较弱，并不能向毗邻地区产生溢出效应。为实现能源开采业低碳发展，各级各部门可通过鼓励能源技术创新、优化能源消费结构等因地制宜制定降碳政策，加快能源开采业低碳转型进程。     

江苏省碳排放的因素分解模型及实证分析

目前,我国的碳排放主要源于能源消费。近年来随着人口增长和经济发展,能源消费的剧增以及严重倚靠煤炭的不合理能源结构短期内难以改变,导致了江苏省碳排放的不断增加。文章在运用碳排放量基本等式计算江苏省碳排放量的基础上,采用对数平均权重Divisia分解法（Logarithmic mean weight Divisia method,LMD）,建立江苏省人均碳排放的因素分解模型,对1996-2007年间,经济发展、能源结构和能源效率这三个主要因素对江苏人均碳排放的影响进行定量分析,结论是经济发展对促进江苏人均碳排放的贡献率呈指数增长,然而能源结构和能源效率对抑制江苏人均碳排放的贡献率并不显著,且难以抵销由经济发展拉动的江苏省碳排放量增长。2005年以来江苏碳排放增速下降,这说明尽管碳减排目标尚未实现,但江苏省的节能减排工作已取得初步成效。     

基于STIRPAT模型的甘肃省能源消费碳排放影响因素分析

依据甘肃省1995—2012年的统计数据,在估算能源消费碳排放量的基础上,运用STIRPAT模型分析了人口数量、老龄化率、城市化率等人口因素,人均GDP、居民消费水平等经济因素和能耗强度与产业结构等技术因素对能源消费碳排放的影响,结果表明:(1)甘肃省能源消费的碳排放量呈波动上升态势;(2)人口城市化对能源消费碳排放的影响最为显著;(3)居民消费水平的提高是甘肃省能源消费碳排放的第二大驱动因素;(4)产业结构是影响甘肃省能源消费碳排放的第三大因素;(5)能耗强度尽管对碳排放具有一定的抑制作用,但效果并不显著。     

上海市居民生活用能碳排放的因素分解研究

本文运用IPCC排放因子法和扩展的LMDI因素分解模型,实证分析了上海市居民生活消费碳排放的现状、发展趋势和宏观影响因素。研究发现:(1)1989—2016年,上海市人均生活能源消费碳排放总体呈较快上升趋势,始终显著高于全国平均水平;(2)上海市碳排放结构从此前的煤炭、电力、煤气三大主体逐渐转变为电力、汽油、天然气;清洁能源的碳排放占比逐步提升;(3)上海市居民生活消费碳排放增长的主要驱动因素是收入水平效应和人口增长效应,而抑制因素依次为能源价格效应、能源技术效应、能源支出效应、消费意向效应,能源结构效应的影响作用不显著。本文据此提出相应的对策和建议,以期为上海发展低碳社会、清洁城市建言献策。     

中国碳排放省级差异及其影响因素与减排机制研究

在现有各省共有各类能源消费数据资料情况下,本文运用更为细致的化学原理进行了各省共同区间2000-2008年碳排放量的估算,通过引入碳排放泰尔系数定量衡量各省差异及波动特征,并采用动态面板模型等对于我国碳排放的影响因素及碳减排机制进行了实证分析,主要结论表明:(1)我国近年来碳排放增长趋势明显,从碳排放总量来看,东中西部存在着较大差异,但从碳排放增速来看,东中西部比较接近,差异不明显。(2)基于GDP的碳排放泰尔系数表明全国碳排放的差异程度有较大的波动,在2004年左右差异达到了顶峰,泰尔系数大约在0.2左右,总差异较大的波动主要是由于区域内各省差距的巨大波动所造成。第二产业GDP碳排放全国总差异值波峰出现的时间与总GDP泰尔系数相同,东中西部三大区域内各省差异对第二产业GDP碳排放泰尔系数全国总差异的贡献程度远大于各区域之间差异的贡献程度。(3)我国各省碳排放机制方面存在着显著的惯性特征,上一期碳排放量对于当期碳排放量具有重要的正向影响,其系数为0.844。在产业结构方面,第二产业产量对于碳排放具有重要的正向影响,其弹性为0.081;能源消费结构方面,煤炭消费占能源消费比重对于碳排放的影响极其显著,系数为0.189。煤炭产量对于碳排放具有重要影响,其弹性为0.016,煤炭资源禀赋对于碳排放影响明显。2000年以来我国碳排放与第二产业增长是单调递增曲线关系,碳排放量不仅随着第二产业的发展显著增加,而且增加的速度越来越快。以上重要结论为我国制订与碳减排相关的产业政策和环境规制政策等提供了科学依据。     

上海市碳排放的历史特征与远期趋势分析

本文推导了能源消费总量、结构与碳排放量之间的关系式--即单位能耗碳排放系数的表达式,利用上海市1978年～2007年的历史数据,构建了上海市能源消费总量与经济总量、人口和产业结构之间的关系式.在此基础上,按照对2010年、2020年上海经济增长速度的估计预测能源消费总量,模拟出不同情景下的能源结构,从而测算上海市各主要年份的碳排放总量,分析上海市碳排放总量、人均碳排放和碳排放强度的演变趋势.     

基于扩展的STIRPAT模型的新疆碳排放量的影响因素研究

基于扩展的STIRPAT模型,采用新疆1990~2010年统计数据,对新疆碳排放量的主要影响因素进行了实证研究。研究表明,当新疆人均GDP、能源强度、单位能耗碳排放量、人口规模每提高1%时,碳排放总量增长率将分别增长1.938%、1.233%、0.346%、0.329%。当新疆人均GDP、能源强度、单位能耗碳排放量每提高1%时,人均碳排放量增长率将分别增长2.742%、1.713%、0.477%。     

中国能源消费的碳排放及其影响因素分析

以中国能源消费导致的碳排放为研究对象,首先采用IPCC推荐的参考方法估算1985～2010年间的中国碳排放,分析中国碳排放变化的主要特征,在此基础上建立中国碳排放多元线性回归模型。结果表明：人口总量是对碳排放影响最大的因素,人口对能源的大量需求造成了我国碳排放量的大量增长;能源消费结构是影响我国碳排放的又一重要因素;中国经济发展方式的转变使得经济发展对碳排放的影响有所减小;能源效率因素对碳排放的影响最小,说明了近年来中国注意节能减排,使得能源消耗强度不断减小,从而也减小了碳排放量。     

山东省碳排放演进特征及影响因素的实证研究

根据山东省1998—2009年经济发展与能源消费数据,分析了山东省碳排放的演进特征,基于Kaya公式对碳排放的影响因素进行了实证研究。利用SPSS13．0对山东省人均GDP、能源强度、碳强度、三次产业与碳排放量间的动态影响关系进行了实证研究,结论表明,山东省作为全国的经济大省和能耗大省,近十二年碳排放量呈持续增长态势,存在着经济增长与碳排放的线性高度相关关系,产业结构、能源消费结构与碳强度均对碳排放有着重要影响。实证结果表明,在保障经济稳定增长的同时,山东省应建立低碳工业化战略,构建低碳产业体系,优化能源消费结构,加强低碳技术创新,宣传低碳消费观念,促进产业低碳转型。     

城镇化水平与能源消费碳排放的关系探讨 ——以山东省为例

探究城镇化水平与能源消费碳排放的关系,考虑到人口数、富裕度和能源强度等因素也会对碳排放产生重要影响,因此将上述因素一并纳入修正的STIRPAT模型,借助岭回归分析法来降低模型的多重共线性,来探究1996—2019年山东省城镇化水平与能源消费碳排放的关系以及验证城镇化水平与能源消费碳排放之间是否存在倒U型曲线关系.研究发现,城镇化水平与能源消费碳排放之间存在一定程度的正相关,且城镇化水平与能源消费碳排放之间存在倒U型关系的结论.最后针对研究结论,结合当前山东省的城镇化发展给出了政策建议.     

Penetration and Post-infection Development of Meloidogyne Incognita on Tobacco as Treated by Rhizobacteria Pseudomonas Fluorescens Strain P-72-10

The bio-control potential of rhizospere bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens against plant-parasite nematode had been demonstrated. P. fluorescens had shown the effect to enhance tobacco resistance to root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Inoculation with P. fluoreseens in tobacco could lead to significant reductions in the number of juveniles that penetrated tobacco root and further life stage development of the juveniles. The number of juveniles penetrated into tobac- co root in treatment with P. fluorescens is significantly different from CK at 2DAI, 6DAI, 8DAI and 10DAI. Significant reduction and delayed development of juveniles that penetrated into tobacco root and treated were observed in treatment at 14DAI, 21DAI, 28DAI and 35DAI. In addition, P. fluoreseens treatment leads to a significant reduction in the number of eggs per egg-mass at 35 DAI. The results show P. fluorescens induced a continuously suppression on root-knot nema- tode M. incognita throughout their entire early infection phase of root penetration, subsequent life stage development and reproduction.     

On the Major Transformation of the Asia-Pacific Regional Structure北大核心CSSCISSCI

Recent years have witnessedsignificant changes in the Asia-Pacific regionalstructure featuring the shift in power balance among related countries as well as adjust-ments in their respective regional strategies. So what is the prevailing trend in thistransformation and what kind of regional order will likely emerge in the future？ To an-swer these questions, the paper tries to explore the following dimensions： the evolvingregional context, shift in power balance and power conversion, geo-political and geo-e-conomic developments and interactions between them, and evolving regional order. Asthe study shows, the broadening of regional geographical scope, the rise in the numberof actors involved, as well as changesin the relations among them, have combined tocast a pluralistic and complex flavor to the regional structure. While the power balanceamong China, the United States and Japan shifts, and power conversion is also occur-ring. China and Japan are paying increasing attention to their security roles, whereasthe United States under the Obama administration laid more stress on expanding itsgeo-economic clout. In spite of the intensifying geopolitical competition among China,the United States and Japan in recent years, a Sino-US strategic compromise-whichholds the key to regional geopolitics-isother front, some kind of geo-economicmore likely to take place in the future. On thecooperation will probably emerge. In the longerterm, it will be the geo-economic trend thatwill prevail over the geopolitical trend inthe region. Finally, the future evolution of regional order wiI1 mainly follow the eco-nomic logic, accompanied by the dilutionof its hegemonic and hierarchical nature.Hence, a pluralistic and complex regional community will emerge.     

The German Hanse and Bergen – new perspectives on an old subject

Abstract

The Hanseatic League and her kontors (trading posts) were an integral part of the medieval trade system in Northern Europe. Hanse merchants dominated many markets in this region and managed to maintain a monopoly-like role in towns like Novgorod and Bergen for many centuries. Consequently, one focus of historical research about the Hanseatic League lay on the mechanisms that enabled the Hanse merchants to keep that strong of a position for such a long time.

This article is part of the discussion about this topic. Based on Lübeck merchants with business interest in the Norwegian town of Bergen, the so-called Bergenfahrers (Bergen travellers), it will give new insights into the Hansards' economical and social organization. The three main points are (a) the integration of the Bergen market in the Hanseatic trade network as an intermediary trading place on the vivid East–West route of Hanse trade; (b) the importance of the Bergenfahrers within the Hanse merchants' economical, social and political networks; and (c) the structure of the Bergenfahrers network patterns in the late Middle Ages.

In addition to new insights into the important role of Bergen and the Bergenfahrers within Lübeck's and the other Wendish Hanse towns' trading system, this articles provides further proof for the usefulness of the methods of Social Network Analysis in medieval economic research.     

Organization and incentives in the age of sail

The British Navy in the age of sail was the most successful bureaucracy of its time. Its organization and incentive structures differed importantly from contemporaneous private sailing ventures, but closely resembled those of today’s large corporations. To induce efficient effort, the navy used a hierarchical tournament, in which sailors competed for higher pay that came with promotions based on relative performance. Promotion probabilities, the option value of future promotions, and the higher effort required of men in higher ranks and on larger vessels, combined to yield a highly skewed pay structure.     

For Better or for Worse? Local Impacts of the Decentralization of Indonesia’s Forest Sector

This paper quantifies the local impacts of mechanized logging on forest-dependent communities in Indonesia, before and after decentralization. A conceptual framework incorporates financial, social, enforcement, rent-seeking, and environmental impacts. Using data from 60 communities in East Kalimantan, the empirical results suggest that significantly more households received financial and in-kind benefits after decentralization compared to before. Many communities engaged in self-enforcement activities against firms both before and after decentralization. Post-decentralization, a significantly higher proportion of households perceived community forest ownership. There were few significant differences in perceived environmental impacts. Little evidence exists of a post-decentralization trade-off between environmental and financial contractual provisions.     

以资本管理为核心的银行治理综合评价指标研究

商业银行的特殊性体现在风险性、外部性和多重治理目标上，尤其集中体现在风险管理的本质上。风险管理日益成为现代商业银行的主体活动和核心职能，资本管理成为现代商业银行风险管理的核心。在整合EVA和RAROC指标的基础上。文章构建了以资本管理为核心的银行治理的综合评价指标，以求真实反映银行经营的成果，有效衡量风险收益和风险成本的对比关系，从而反映以资本管理为核心的银行风险管理的过程、能力和效率。     

Financial Reporting and Trade Credit: Evidence from Mandatory IFRS Adoption*

We investigate the effect of mandatory IFRS adoption on trade credit. We document that firms in countries that adopt IFRS receive more trade credit from their suppliers, consistent with improved financial reporting quality and comparability playing a role in facilitating informal financing. This increase is larger for countries with a low level of societal trust, a poor pre‐IFRS‐adoption information environment, and stronger legal enforcement. These cross‐sectional results suggest that the conditions under which higher‐quality information is made publicly available affect suppliers' decisions to provide trade credit. This increase is also larger for firms with greater exposure to foreign markets, a finding that highlights the importance of more comparable international financial reporting standards in facilitating cross‐country trade credit. We also find that IFRS adoption has a stronger positive effect on trade credit for firms with greater liquidity needs. Finally, we find that firms in countries that adopt IFRS also extend more trade credit to their customers. Overall, our results support the notion that financial reporting can have a causal effect on trade credit.     

Markteintrittstiming von Telekommunikationsdiensteanbietern

Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Studie analysiert für 87 Neuprodukteinführungen (NPE) und Auslandsmarkteintritte (AME) von Telekommunikations(TK)-Diensteanbietern in Deutschland, zu denen 42 Schlüsselinformanten in einer schriftlichen Befragung Auskunft gaben, (1) inwieweit deren zeitliche Eintrittspositionierung durch Marktcharakteristika und Unternehmensressourcen erkl?rbar ist sowie (2) inwieweit und gegebenenfalls unter welchen unternehmensexternen und -internen Situationsbedingungen deren Markteintrittstiming mit dem wahrgenommenen Eintrittserfolg assoziiert ist. Ein früher Markteintritt wurde dann realisiert, wenn die Wettbewerbsintensit?t im adressierten Gesch?ft niedrig und das Budget für den Expansionsschritt überdurchschnittlich ausfielen. Zwischen dem Markteintrittstiming und der Beurteilung des Eintrittserfolgs bestand ein nicht monotoner, umgekehrt U-f?rmiger Zusammenhang: Frühe Folger wiesen signifikant bessere Erfolgswerte auf als Pioniere und sp?te Folger, deren Erfolgsniveaus nicht signifikant divergierten. In einer Industrie, die durch starke externe Netzeffekte gepr?gt ist, fallen offenbar die Nachteile eines Markteintritts als Pionier oder sp?ter Folger st?rker ins Gewicht als die Vorteile dieser beiden zeitlichen Eintrittspositionierungen. Unabh?ngig vom Markteintrittstiming wurden NPE/AME von TK-Unternehmen als erfolgreicher eingestuft, wenn sie sich in einen Markt mit stark wachsender Nachfrage und aufeinander abgestimmt (re)agierenden Wettbewerbern mit qualitativ überdurchschnittlichen, abw?rtskompatiblen, erprobbaren und wenig erkl?rungsbedürftigen TK-Diensten engagierten.