国家助学贷款存在的主要问题与对策思考

国家助学贷款是落实"科教兴国"战略决策的重要举措.然而自实施以来,由于国家助学贷款制度本身、参与主体、外部信用环境不佳等一系列问题,致使国家助学贷款发展举步维艰.完善国家助学贷款制度的设计,优化助学贷款信用环境,椎进生源地信用助学贷款,探索有益于国家助学贷款发展的各种途径是解决问题的关键.     

应建立专办助学贷款的政策性银行

由商业银行经办国家助学贷款存在局限性 目前，我国的国家助学贷款基本是由商业银行来办理的。为什么政府要将这种属于政策性金融业务的国家助学贷款业务交给商业银行来经办呢？依笔者看来，这应属短期的应急之举。随着我国教育体制的改革，从1994年开始，高等学校开始进行收费制度改革，其目的是要建立一种由国家和个人分摊高等教育成本的机制，     

当前国家助学贷款的制度缺陷及出路

2004年国家助学贷款制度调整之后取得了积极成效,但是国家助学贷款在制度设计上存在着某些方面的缺陷,使国家助学贷款的开展在许多省份陷入到困境当中。要走出助学贷款的困境,国家助学贷款制度仍然存在着很大的调整空间。     

高校助学贷款个人信用的法律研究

针对还贷与追贷这一国家助学贷款实施中的突出问题,在分析我国国家助学贷款制度的发展及现状的基础上.提出在现行的立法体例和模式下完善国家助学贷款制度才是真正科学合理而且节约的途径,指出建立和完善国家助学贷款偿还的风险防范与补偿机制是完善我国国家助学贷款制度的关键.     

生源地国家助学贷款——针对高校农村贫困生的金融创新

对高校中的农村贫困生而言，由商业银行经办的国家助学贷款制度已不能从根本上解决贫困生问题。要想从根本上解决国家助学贷款的制度性缺陷问题，当前可以考虑发展生源地国家助学贷款模式。     

制度缺陷——助学贷款的软肋

我国的国家助学贷款制度于1998年提出，2000年正式实施，2004年进行了调整。国家助学贷款是帮助高校中经济确实困难的大学生支付在校期间学习和生活费用，资助大学生完成学业的重要形式和金融手段。如今贫困学生贷款上大学已成趋势，截至2004年12月底，我国各项助学贷款余额达86.7亿元，100多万学生受益。但据央行统计显示，我国由政府贴息的国家助学贷款制度实行以来，     

我国助学贷款的信用制度约束分析

我国从1999年开始推行国家助学贷款制度,2002年第一批申请国家助学贷款的部分学生进入还贷期,贷款风险开始凸现。到2003年,国家助学贷款进入首批还贷高峰,但相关的数据却显示,全国借贷学生平均违约率接近20%。还贷风险的增加使各经办银行暂停了不少高校的助学贷款业务,国家助学     

我国国家助学贷款运行中的问题与对策分析

文章首先简要回顾了我国助学贷款政策的演变历程,在此基础上从制度经济学的视角对我国助学贷款制度进行了政策分析:其次紧密结合我国发展教育的阶段实际,指出了助学贷款发展中存在的瓶颈与障碍:最后以创新的视角对进一步完善和促进国家助学贷款的实施提出了顶层设计思路.     

构建国家助学贷款体系的困境及其化解机制研究

国家助学贷款为家庭困难学生上大学解了燃眉之急,有效地保证了高等教育机会均等和社会公平目标的实现,但政策的实施过程中仍有许多不尽如人意之处.本文从国家助学贷款制度完善和风险规避等方面进行了分析,提出完善国家助学贷款政策的对策和建议.     

我国国家助学贷款制度的制度经济学分析

自1999年我国开始实行国家助学贷款制度以来,其制度变迁就一直未曾停止过,通过财政、金融、教育、计划、法律等多种手段来保障政策目标的实现,相关方面付诸了很大努力。然而事实证明,我国国家助学贷款制度的实际效果与政策预期存在一定的差距。笔者从制度经济学的角度出发,通过分析商业银行惜贷和大学生违约率高等现象,指出我国助学贷款制度目前存在的缺陷以及今后进一步完善的方向。     

Commercialization and mission drift: Evidence from a large Chinese microfinance institution

Front-line loan officers of microfinance institutions (MFIs) are important in acquiring information on potential borrowers and selecting them in accordance with the MFI's mission. We use a unique data set on loan officers and their loan portfolios from China's largest NGO microfinance institution to test whether officers' personal characteristics affect the size and quality of their loans. We study a period in which the institution shifted from reliance on government donations and subsidies to commercial sources of funding. Imposing more commercial incentives on loan officers could affect how they balance potentially competing objectives to serve the poor and pursue profitability. We find that loan officers who were formerly farmers or worked in local government were better able to maintain lending to poorer borrowers, without incurring substantially lower repayment rates on their loans. In short, it appears that the career backgrounds of loan officers did play a role in preventing mission drift.     

Discrimination in hire‐purchase lending by retailers of consumer durables in apartheid South Africa

A double‐hurdle partial observability model of hire‐purchase lending is specified and estimated to test for racial discrimination by retailers of consumer durables during apartheid. ‘Discrimination’ is defined as supplying no loans or less desirable loans to certain borrowers, who do not differ from more successful borrowers with respect to creditworthiness but who do differ with respect to race. There is strong evidence of discrimination. In particular, black households are 13 percentage points more likely to desire a hire‐purchase loan but not to have one supplied to them than are other households equivalent in all ways except race. Although the statistical test cannot determine whether race affected lending because lenders were bigoted or because race is correlated with unobserved characteristics correlated in turn with creditworthiness, increased access to formal loans for all South Africans could be promoted by relaxing the Usury Act and by removing from loan applications information that could reveal an applicant's race.     

Proximity,information, and loan pricing in internal capital markets: Evidence from China

We examine the effect of geographic proximity on loan pricing in internal capital markets by focusing on the role of information. Using a hand-collected dataset on entrusted loans within business groups in China, we find that loan prices are positively associated with the distance between borrowers and lenders, which suggests that a reduction in distance facilitates the monitoring of borrowers and gathering of soft information by lenders. Results remain unchanged after controlling for potential endogeneity. Our findings are further pronounced (1) for lenders with headquarters that are time constrained; (2) during the early years of our sample period, when the Internet and transportation infrastructure were less developed; and (3) for borrowers for whom information uncertainty is likely to be substantial and soft information is likely to be valuable, such as young borrowers and borrowers in different industries to lenders. This paper sheds new light on the role of geographic proximity in intra-group loans within business groups.     

大学生信用缺失与大学生信用评价指标体系建立

国家助学贷款实施以来虽然取得了很大的进展,但仍存在许多问题,主要有贷款需求明显供小于求和贷款违约率不断升高两个方面。本文致力于建立大学生信用评价指标体系,用于预测国家助学贷款风险的等级,并以此作为贷款发放的重要依据。     

Foreign bank lending and information asymmetries in China: Empirical evidence from the syndicated loan market

This paper considers whether information asymmetries affect the willingness of foreign banks to participate in syndicated loans to corporate borrowers in China. We analyze how ownership concentration, which influences information asymmetries in the relationship between the borrower and the lender, exerts an impact on the participation of foreign banks in syndicated loans granted to Chinese borrowers in the period 2004–2009. We observe that greater ownership concentration of the borrowing firm does not positively influence participation of foreign banks in the loan syndicate. We conclude that information asymmetries are not exacerbated for foreign banks relative to local banks in China.     

Debt and development: The role of foreign capital in economic growth

Capital flows, whether between individuals or nations, are dominated by a two- fold paradox. Borrowers are initially primarily interested in obtaining sufficient funds for their needs, but once they have obtained a loan, their indebtedness becomes their principal concern. While a loan is being negotiated the lenders usually have the upper hand, but once it is made, they become dependent on the borrowers for repayment with interest. Their power to withhold future loans becomes their only real measure of control. Borrowing and lending has costs and benefits, and these balance out only in exceptional cases for both the borrowing and lending countries and the principal social groups within them. The debate about the impact of international capital flows accordingly has a long history. This paper begins with a historical perspective, and then reviews the principal characteristics of capital flows to developing countries since the 1950s. A discussion of the impact of capital flows on development, with a particular emphasis on trends in developing country indebtedness, follows. A brief examination of borrowing and debt management issues for borrowers, lenders and the international community concludes the paper.     

Why are mortgage rates so uniform?

Conclusion Any reasonable model of mortgage lending concludes that interest rates depend on loan and borrower characteristics. In this paper, the rate is a function of the loan-to-value ratio, the parameters of the densities of future price of housing and income, deposit rate, and cost of foreclosure. Nevertheless, in practice, each lender charges only one rate to all borrowers. This is first explained by the difficulty of estimation of the parameters of the density functions. Since lenders cannot categorize their borrowers, they treat them uniformly and set minimum standards to minimize the risk of default by each borrower. Mortgage insurance, moreover, enables lenders to lend risklessly outside of the range in which they can operate risklessly on their own. Second, mortgage rate uniformity is explained by the lenders' risk aversion. Third, when borrowers are separated into discrete categories, uniform rates can result from perfect categorization of borrowers with respect to the future value of the relevant random variables. It is more likely, however, that lenders cannot categorize borrowers perfectly and that interest rates vary substantially among categories. As rates jump from one category to the next and borrowers are reluctant to gain small increases in loan size at significantly higher rates, lenders respond by offering only the basic category of loans.     

我国商业银行住房抵押贷款风险成因与对策研究

个人住房抵押贷款一直被国内外研究和实践公认为商业银行的优质资产,近年来,这一业务在我国获得了快速稳定增长,住房抵押贷款余额占各项贷款的余额的比重也越来越高。但是,由于我国金融体制不健全,个人住房抵押贷款存在商业银行房贷风险控制意识薄弱、房价虚高、银行间恶性竞争等问题,对此,政府部门应加强调控和监管,商业银行应建立住房抵押贷款担保、保险机制,推行抵押贷款证券化。以保证我国商业银行经营稳健。     

In the shadow of big tech lending

We investigate the impact of Big Tech lending on non-bank traditional lenders, which have a more overlapping clientele with Big Tech lenders than traditional banks. Our empirical methodology exploits geographical differences in Big Tech penetration ratios and adopts the instrumental variable (IV) approach using the FinTech payment adoption ratio and the distance to the Big Tech's headquarter. We find that the competition from Big Tech worsens the performance of branches facing stronger Big Tech competition by reducing the number of borrowers and the amount of loans. Moreover, branches in cities highly penetrated by Big Tech lending tighten the lending standard by reducing loan-to-value (LTV) ratios, measured as the approved loan amount per unit collateral value, while keeping the average collateral requirement unchanged. Our findings are consistent with the cream-skimming hypothesis that Big Techs possess better screening technology and reduce the quality of borrowers applying for traditional loans. Our results document novel changes in and responses of the non-bank traditional lending business in the Big Tech era.