The Russian market in world trade, 1500–1860

Abstract

The Russian market has played a prominent part in world trade throughout the ages. In Viking times Russia was a source of furs and slaves for the Arabian caliphate. However, from about AD 1000 the situation changed and from then on western Europe provided the market for Russian products. The trade with Novgorod and later on also with Riga came to be a vital element in the activities of German merchants, and the Hanseatic League's counting-house in Novgorod was an important rallying-point. In early medieval trade it was fur and wax products that were the chief exports from the Russian market. In the later Middle Ages other important products emerged: flax, hemp, tallow, ashes and skins. Flax and hemp were key articles for the shipbuilding industry, being used as materials for the rigging, ropes and sails. Flax was also an essential raw material for the textile industry. Tallow was used for the manufacture of soap and candles and also in making cloth and leather. Ashes and potash had a variety of technical uses, for example in the textile and glass industries. Skins were the raw material for the manufacture of leather. The products enumerated were virtually monopoly goods of eastern Europe and were regarded as quality goods. In western Europe there was a constant demand for Russian products.     

Structural change in the Russian far east: The implications for trade and factor markets

This study compares actual directions of structural adjustment in the Russian Far East since the collapse of the former Soviet Union with estimated directions of adjustment that would be predicted to follow an opening of the region to the world market. How would moving to world prices affect the competitiveness of individual sectors of the Russian Far East? This author estimates the impact of changing terms of trade by revaluing a 1987 input-output table for the Russian Far East by price relatives between internal Soviet prices and world prices estimated by David Tarr [1992]. These estimates measure apparent competitiveness of each sector at world prices and identify four sectors of the Russian Far East—food processing, forest products, light industry, and the chemical industry—as negative value added sectors at world prices. However, actual short-run directions of adjustment in 1992–94 are only partly consistent with the directions predicted in the model. Measured gains from trade are strong on the import side but not on the export side.     

Innovative development of the engineering industry

The article presents forecasts and analyses aimed at the justification for the modernization of the Russian economy based on innovative products of the engineering industry. Solutions to the following tasks are proposed: to restore the function of innovations of the engineering industry, to provide the innovative and technological development of the production apparatus of the engineering industry, and significantly increase the share of domestic products in the market of investments and consumer goods.     

论文化产业成为国民经济支柱产业的有效路径

十多年来,我国文化产业经历了从无到有、从小到大、从自发到自觉、从局部到全局的发展阶段,尤其是最近几年,文化产业在全国各地呈现更加迅猛发展的态势,推动文化产业成为国民经济支柱性产业是下一个阶段文化产业发展的重要任务。经过多年发展,文化消费品的数量与消费者的真实需要之间,以及文化消费品的质量与消费者的精神期待之间依然存在着一定的距离与脱节。应通过文化产业政策、文化产业组织、文化产业市场、文化产业技术和文化产业品牌等多个方面的升级,实现文化产业供给能力与水平的提高,加快文化产业的规模化与集聚化发展,推进文化产业成为国民经济支柱产业的进程。     

Necessary conditions for the modernization of the Russian processing industry on the example of the heavy engineering industry

The necessity of a state policy for the modernization of the heavy engineering sector for the purpose of equalizing the competitive conditions for national and foreign manufacturers is substantiated in the paper. A strategy for the recovery of the Russian heavy engineering industry is offered based on the world experience of support of national products and their promotion in foreign markets. Predictive estimates of the possible development of the industry up to 2020 are given.     

Nuclear industry in Russia: Results of reform,politics, and development problems

The main trends in the Russian nuclear industry are analyzed taking into account the development of the global nuclear industry. Measures of state support for all forms of financing for the Russian nuclear complex in 2005–2013 are assessed, as well as their impact on the relevant output growth.     

Assessment of the competitiveness of technologically complex production

This paper evaluates competitiveness indicators calculated for Russian aircraft, weaponry, automobiles, tractors, machine-building tools, steel and other types of equipment, as well as technologically complex consumer goods, based on statistical data on the related production, import, and export volumes (1990?C2010). It also suggests a few scenarios of possible changes in the competitiveness of technologically complex products for the period up to 2020.     

Forecasting the demand for aircraft industry products today

Problems in forecasting the demand for Russian-made aircraft and for its aftersale service under an open competitive market are discussed. The applicability of traditional econometric approaches to forecasting the demand for domestic aircraft is analyzed. Prediction methods based on the direct modeling of customer behavior in selecting the park for purchase and its servicing strategy are proposed. Marketing measures aimed at boosting the demand for the Russian aircraft industry’s products are considered.     

An overview of the state and priorities of the iron and steel industry in the Russian Far East

This article considers the problems of the Russian Far East for which a new course of strategic development has been proclaimed. The growing demands of the region’s economy for diverse metal products make it necessary to initiate organizational reforms determined by the actual state of things. The reforms will include the construction of new iron and steel works and the development of a full-range iron and steel industry in the region.     

黑龙江省对俄经贸合作面临八大发展机遇

当前,黑龙江省对俄经贸合作面临诸多优势.主要有:中俄两国经贸合作步入了历史最好发展时期;双方经贸合作环境大为改善;两国毗邻地区的边境经贸合作再掀高潮;俄经济强势增长,投资环境逐渐改善;我国各级政府十分重视对俄经贸合作;振兴东北老工业基地带来巨大商机;黑龙江省对俄经贸合作的地方优势突出;大通道建设成效显著,服务能力和水平明显提高.我们应充分开发和利用这些机遇,推进对俄经贸合作的战略升级.     

The current state and development problems of external poultry meat markets

The paper covers the issue of barriers hindering the external trade activities of Russian producers of poultry meat. Marketing analysis of the international trade relations is considered as an integral tool to bring up margins and overcome barriers hindering Russian poultry exports. Major trends, participants, and segments of the global poultry meat market are defined in the article. Prospective areas of activity and export operations of the industry are described.     

长三角协同发展视野下南京工业结构分析与战略定位研究

运用统计分析软件对收集来的最新数据进行统计和分析,在此基础上从时间维对南京工业结构进行全面的系统分析,得出南京工业发展所处的阶段以及产业结构的现状,进而建立评价模型。再从空间维对南京工业产业的优势度进行比较分析,分别得出南京具有绝对优势和相对优势的工业产业,最后针对南京工业发展存在的问题和具有的优势来对南京工业进行定位,并提出相应的政策建议。     

Russia’s salt industry: Problems of development

The paper describes the current situation in the salt industry. It points to the inadmissibly high and expanding market share of imported salt products despite the country’s own colossal resource base and the domestic enterprises’ huge unused capacities. It has been shown that OAO Russian Railroads (OAO RZhD) will economically benefit due to its reasonable policy of selective reduction of the railroad shipment tariffs for salt for domestic producers due to the inevitable growth of the country’s own salt output.     

俄罗斯利用FDI的经济增长效应分析——基于Panel Data的研究

进入新世纪以来,全球FDI地区流动特点表现为投资主流正在从传统的投资区域转向某些新兴的市场,俄罗斯联邦近年来由于能源行业蓬勃发展,其吸引FDI的能力大幅提升。本文通过对俄罗斯七个联邦区1999~2005年的相关数据进行面板数据分析,对影响俄罗斯联邦经济发展的因素进行剖析,对其FDI的经济增长效应进行研究。     

中国锂产业技术态势研究——基于CiteSpace知识图谱分析

通过文献计量学方法，采用CiteSpace软件对CNKI（知网）数据库中2017—2021年有关锂产业技术创新领域的文献进行统计分析，绘制形成可视化网络图谱。研究结果显示：目前锂产业相关技术领域的研究呈链式结构，从上游锂资源提取到下游的产品应用均有涉及，且涉及面不仅局限于绿色能源电池领域，对于顽固型的精神类疾病和甲状腺功能亢进同样具有药用开发价值。     

The Impact of the Fuel and Energy Complex on the Economic Development of Russia

Using input-output analysis, the article considers possible ways to use the potential of the fuel and energy complex to implement structural and technological modernization of the Russian economy. Positive effects from changing the operational mode of the fuel and energy complex towards a solvent consumer of competitive domestic products in the context of import substitution processes, as well as a source of relatively cheap energy sources for domestic producers, are estimated.     

新能源汽车产业的技术创新与市场培育

经过10多年的努力,我国新能源汽车技术创新取得重要突破,自主开发的产品开始进入市场,产业发展具备了较好的基础。但总体上看,现阶段新能源汽车尚处于产业化初期,面临价格高、性能不稳定、市场体系不健全等问题,迫切需要加强技术创新,降低成本。在未来一段时期要通过扩大国家财税支持力度,建立产业技术联盟,以推动电池租赁等商业模式创新,加强充电桩等市场应用基础设施建设等引导市场应用等措施,推进新能源汽车规模化发展。     

Baltic iron and the British iron industry in the eighteenth century

Before the revolution in coal technology that swept the British iron industry in the last years of the eighteenth century, native ironmasters were unable to meet the burgeoning demand for malleable bar iron. The shortfall was made good by imports of bar iron from the Baltic, first from Sweden, then from Russia. This article presents new empirical evidence on the role played by Baltic iron in the Georgian economy. It also considers the impact of Swedish and Russian iron on domestic ironmasters as they sought organizational, as well as technological, ways to overcome the energy constraints facing the industry.     

文化创意产业发展的条件与价值创造机理分析

文化创意产业是现代服务业中集文化性、原创性和技术性为一体的高端服务业,目前在我国处于产业发展的初始阶段。在与其他产业协同发展的过程中,文化创意产业要以人才和高新技术为支撑,在资本投入、传统文化挖掘的基础上充分激活创意产品的市场,需要有效的知识产权保护为前提,才能得到良好的发展。文化创意产业之所以成为无界限产业,是因为其独特的价值创造机理,即：价值链的横向化增值、持续重复出新、获取异质竞争利润、促使产业转型从而创造新的利润空间。     

上海汽车产业的市场绩效分析和发展战略研究

上海汽车产业的市场绩效从资源配置效率来看,其效率还是比较低的;从生产的相对效率来看,还处于低效率小规模的生产阶段;从技术进步状况来看,其进步是缓慢的。为提高上海汽车产业的市场绩效,可采取联合重组战略、产品定位战略、自主创新战略和营销服务战略。