Modalities of Microfinance Delivery in Asia and Latin America： Lessons for China

I. Introduction Microfinance, the provision of small size loans and other financial services to low income households, is often seen as the key innovation of the last 25 years in terms of means of reaching out to the poor and vulnerable. There is extensive experience in microfinanceprovision in both Asia and Latin America, but as yet relatively little use of the approach in China. In Section, this paper assesses different approaches to microfinance delivery using a simple threefold distincti…     

The role of borrowing in crisis coping among ultra-poor households in rural Bangladesh

In this study, we show how decisions to borrow from different formal and informal sources are associated with different types of disasters. We estimate the associations between loans from different sources using monthly panel data from Northern Bangladesh. Households borrow from different sources to cope with disasters. The cost of loans, however, may vary by the source of funds. MFI loans, while low in terms of interest cost, usually require a savings deposit, loan or application fee, with a longer trip or waiting time. Hence, households resort to loans from informal sources to deal with crises. We estimate the impulse responses of loans from different sources, which clearly show a hump-shape centring for the months of disasters. Pre-emptive loans are associated only with partially anticipated shocks. Aggregate shocks also limit how much households can borrow from their local peers. Our findings rationalise the roles played by both informal and formal micro-loans in crisis coping in Bangladesh, where the market for microfinance is ubiquitous. The development of the emergency credit market and the introduction of insurance services in rural areas will require the non-price costs of such financial products to be lowered.     

关于推动农村金融发展的研究

农村金融在农村经济发展中起着重要的作用,包括资金融通,提供金融服务,推动农村产业结构调整,促进农业的产业化经营等。基于此,本文从目前我国以中国农业银行、农业发展银行、农村信用社、农村邮政储蓄为代表的正规金融机构和以小额借贷、民间借贷为代表的非正规金融机构出发,针对其各自存在的问题以及由此导致的我国农村资金供不应求的现状,从完善农村金融体系、深化金融机构改革和提高农村金融服务质量、推进农村金融创新以及建立健全农村信用体系、加强农村金融监管等方面提出相应的对策建议。     

小额贷款在新农村建设中的作用探讨

实践证明,农村小额贷款在服务新农村建设方面取得了巨大作用。但是,小额农贷在支持新农村建设的过程中,资金的外流、载体的缺乏、风险失控、政策法规的缺失等方面的因素制约了小额农户贷款持续发展。为了能更好地服务于社会主义新农村的经济发展,缓解农业金融贷款需求,补充替代非正规金融,补充正规金融,改善信贷分配不平,本文提出了农村小额贷款的发展路径。     

中国农村小额信贷供求状况分析

小额信贷自20世纪90年代以来在世界各地取得了巨大的发展和举世瞩目的成就,作为一种新型的金融方式,已经引起了全世界的广泛关注,正在逐渐得到重视和推广。小额信贷机构能够有效地为农村贫困人口提供小额贷款与其他金融产品,解决农村金融的困境。但截至目前,小额信贷的发展状况仍然难以满足社会经济发展的要求。本文分析我国农村小额信贷的供求矛盾,探讨其发展缓慢的深层次原因,并提出相对应的政策建议。     

浅析农村小额信贷风险的控制与管理

近年发展迅速的农村小额信贷是我国农村金融的重要组成部分。开展农村小额信贷业务,不仅有效缓解了农民贷款难问题,而且有力促进了小额信贷机构自身的发展。虽然小额信贷发展前景光明,但从目前情况看,国内的小额信贷还处在较低的发展水平,存在例如资金供给不足、行政干预面过广、机构财务运转能力薄弱等问题。同时小额信贷也面临着市场及其自身的各种风险。为了改善我国农村小额信贷制度,推动农村经济发展．我们要采取有效措施对农村小额信贷进行风险管理。通过建立信用风险评估模型,信用评级制度,信贷公示制度等,提高小额信贷风险控制力,进一步推动小额贷款在我国的扶贫事业中发挥更大的作用,并且引导我国的小额信贷逐步向有秩序、有目的、效益好的方向健康发展。     

Geographic Distance and Credit Market Access in Niger

Abstract: Distances involved in accessing basic services can constitute a major barrier to development. This paper analyzes the relationship between the distance separating households from microfinance institutions’ offices in Niger, and the low levels of development and performance of the microfinance sector in the country. To cope with the effects of geographical distance, microfinance institutions adapt their policies through more restrictive loan conditions, higher interest rates and more intensive screening. This then leads us to discuss the tension between access and sustainability in the context of financial services for the poor.     

Small is beautiful,but growth is inevitable: experiences of apex institutions in Senegal and Tanzania

This article examines the experiences of two national apex institutions in two sub-Saharan African countries, Senegal and Tanzania, which channel funds to retail microfinance institutions (MFIs). These two national apexes are the Dyna-Enterprises Project and the Small Entrepreneurs Loan Facility (SELF) project, which are functioning in Senegal and Tanzania respectively. Both Dyna and SELF initially started as small-scale apex MFIs and had been conceived with the same vision in mind – facilitation of access to financial services for the poor. The initial implementation focused on provision of credit through MFIs as well as capacity building. The targeted groups of clients are similar, i.e. the disadvantaged, and mostly are women groups in urban or peri-urban areas carrying out general petty trade activities. Like many apex institutions in sub-Saharan Africa, both SELF and Dyna have stimulated demand for more financial support to the poor and have shown potential to be transformed into viable commercial MFIs. This entails expansion in terms of increased number of staff, branches, cost-effective microfinance services, the number and quality of financial products, capacity building, outreach and information services. The current vision of these national apex institutions is to transform into effective, transparent and efficient corporate entities for addressing poverty issues through harnessing and targeting funds to needy areas, while incorporating microfinance best practices.     

中国农村市场中的小额信贷业务发展思考

中国农村贫困问题长期以来一直受到政府的关注,发展农村经济、增加农民收入一个重要方面是充分发挥金融的支持作用。农村小额信用贷款的出现,一定程度上解决了农民贷款难和信用社难贷款这一两难问题。它的推广,有力地促进了农民收入的增加,极大增强了贫困农户的自我发展能力,已取得了较大的发展。但是也应当看到目前我国农村小额信贷业务发展还存在很多问题。如何使小额信贷更好地服务于我国的农村金融建设和社会主义新农村建设,已经成为被广大金融从业人员关心的问题。本文对制约我国农村市场中小额信贷发展的因素进行分析,结合我国农村经济的实际情况,提出了具体建议。     

辽宁中小企业融资困境成因与对策研究

导致辽宁中小企业融资困难的因素很多,但企业自身经营状况不善、信用缺失、金融体系发展滞后、金融创新不足以及政府政策扶持力度不够是主要原因。破解中小企业融资困境不仅需要企业自身提高经营管理和诚信水平,加强与银行的联系,更需要各级政府尽快完善中小企业融资的有关政策和服务体系以及不断深化金融体系改革,为中小企业发展创造良好的资金环境。     

MICROFINANCE REVOLUTION: ITS EFFECTS,INNOVATIONS, AND CHALLENGES

“Microfinance revolution” is the term often applied to the successful expansion of small-scale financial services to the poor with high repayment records in developing countries. The present paper investigates the extent to which the microfinance revolution is truly revolutionary. More specifically, it explores the impact of microfinance institutions on the poor, the mechanisms underlying high repayment rates and their innovations, and the new challenges microfinance institutions are currently facing. Different from the existing published survey literature, we focus on current topics and attempt to show recent theoretical developments in a comprehensive manner using simplified models with very similar settings. We contend that microfinance is developing in a promising direction but has yet to reach its full potential.     

农村小额信贷发展策略研究

小额信贷作为一种有效的金融扶贫方式,在我国已有十几年的发展历史。然而,我国小额信贷的发展依然缓慢,不能弥补农村巨大的资金需求缺口。文章论述了小额信贷在资金来源、风险控制等方面存在的问题,并探讨了完善小额信贷的政策措施,即充分利用原有的农村正规金融机构,建立多层次的小额信贷载体,推进利率市场化改革,大力发展农业保险,尽量减少行政干预,在政策上予以支持,协调部门关系,为小额信贷创造宽松的环境。     

THE SHORT-TERM POVERTY IMPACT OF SMALL-SCALE,COLLATERAL-FREE MICROCREDIT IN INDONESIA: A MATCHING ESTIMATOR APPROACH

Indonesian microfinance is primarily operated by for-profit commercial banks, characterized by large-scale loans that require collateral. In 2003, the largest nongovernmental organization in the country introduced much smaller-scale loans without a collateral requirement. This scheme is commercialized but potentially more suited to the credit demands of the poor. Applying propensity score matching with the difference-in-difference method, this paper examines whether the emerging microcredit scheme has been successful in targeting and improving the welfare of the poor in the one year following loan disbursement. The results show that although collateral ownership is not an important determinant of participation, relatively wealthier families gain access to microcredit. The impact of microcredit on various household outcomes is generally statistically insignificant, except for sales of nonfarm enterprises for the nonpoor and schooling expenditures for the poor. This implies that the microcredit scheme under study might not have an immediate impact on poverty alleviation.     

Community Development Credit Unions: Securing and Protecting Assets in Black Communities

Credit Unions, with a hundred year history, and Community Development Credit Unions (CDCUs), with a 30–40 year history of serving the under-served, have only recently begun to be recognized by some of the media and the progressive community as “safe havens” and fair lenders. There is little independent, academic research, however, that investigates and evaluates the ways that credit unions are community-rooted and responsive to local needs, and/or their achievements in this area. This paper reports on preliminary qualitative research this author has conducted to help us understand how community development credit unions in Black communities in the U.S. provide affordable financial services, and especially help their clients/members to preserve assets. Major findings include: all CDCUs note that they charge lower rates for their products, and provide higher interest or dividends when possible; both which enable members/customers to save money and build assets. CDCUs work closely with their members to personalize services, to help them avoid loans they cannot afford, and to educate them enough to make sound financial decisions and preserve their assets. Many give some direct options to their members to avoid “payday loans” with check cashing and other predatory lenders. In addition, most CDCUs are deeply involved in their communities, and the bigger ones actually provide donations, encourage their employees to volunteer in the community and are generous employees (creating jobs with benefits and job ladder opportunities). Some are able to help finance affordable housing and contribute to other community economic development projects.     

湖南金融生态环境的现状与优化路径

和谐的金融生态环境对于区域经济和金融的发展具有重要的现实意义。近年来,湖南金融生态环境得到了一定改善,但还存在经济基础欠佳、地方金融发展滞后、信用中介市场发育缓慢、地方政府公共服务缺失等问题,因此,优化产业结构、加快地方金融发展、培育信用中介市场、完善地方政府公共服务等,对优化湖南金融生态环境,实现湖南经济与金融发展的良性互动至关重要。     

财政奖励政策对农村金融机构信贷行为的影响——基于涉农贷款增量奖励政策的实证研究

涉农贷款增量奖励政策是将财政政策与信贷政策有机结合,发挥财政资金杠杆作用,促进金融资源优化配置,建立财政促进金融支农的一项重要举措.本文利用新疆70个县的涉农贷款、农户贷款、奖励资金数据,分别构造了自回归分布滞后（ADL）模型和面板数据（Panel Data）模型,并对财政奖励政策的金融机构信贷行为影响效应进行了检验,然后通过农村金融需求问卷调查结果对金融机构信贷行为的影响进行了进一步验证.结果表明：第一,财政奖励政策对县域金融机构涉农贷款和农户贷款的发放存在正向激励作用,但多个县域个体并未表现出显著的激励效应;第二,财政资金奖励政策对农户和农村企业的信贷需求满足度均有明显影响,但对农村信贷资金价格并未表现出显著的影响.     

Dropouts,Defaulters, and Continuing Borrowers: Client Exit from Microfinance

High dropout rates are a problem faced by many microfinance institutions, with borrowers exiting after a few loans. The curiosity of dropouts is that, unlike defaulters, they repay their loans. To understand this I investigate differences across borrowers using data from Zimbabwe. I find that negative shocks are a significant predictor of dropout, but not of default, and that social networks are the most important correlate of on‐time repayment. The results show the importance of social networks in determining credit relationships.     

我国农村信用社小额信贷业务发展现状研究

20世纪90年代,我国引入小额信贷。其主要的服务对象为广大工商个体户、小作坊、小业主,贷款的金额一般在1 000元以上10万元以下,其突出的特点就是债务人仅凭自己的信誉就能取得贷款。本文结合我国农村信用社小额贷款发展现状,采用科学严谨的态度,对小额信贷业务的发展状况进行分析。     

河北省金融机构存贷差现象分析与认识

河北省金融机构存差规模呈逐年扩大趋势,存贷比不断下降。金融机构存差不断扩大的主要原因是现行的信贷管理制度、存款的刚性增长、信贷结构不合理、企业融资渠道多元化以及金融生态环境欠佳等。要解决这些问题,除了大力发展地方经济、加强金融生态环境建设之外,还要在调整金融产品结构、加快资本市场建设等方面采取切实措施。     

信用贷款、金融发展与企业家声誉的信号传递

本文以企业家荣获的各种国家级荣誉称号作为企业家声誉的替代变量,考察了企业家声誉能否向信贷市场传递有效信号,进而对企业获取信用贷款产生作用。研究发现,企业家声誉有助于企业获得额度更多、期限更长的信用贷款;企业所在地区较高的金融发展水平显著地增强了企业家声誉的作用;进一步研究发现,企业家声誉的上述作用仅仅局限于规模较大和经营绩效较好的企业。研究结果表明,企业家声誉可以作为一种显性的信号机制缓解信贷市场的信息不对称,并可以随着金融发展成为一种非正式的替代机制。