人民币均衡汇率与失调程度:1995～2007

本文在行为均衡汇率分析框架下,对1995～2007年的人民币均衡实际汇率及其失调程度进行了实证研究。结果显示,1996年第2季度～1998年第4季度人民币实际汇率为高估,而1999年第1季度～2005年第3季度期间人民币实际汇率经历了两次明显的低估。新一轮汇率改革以后,人民币实际汇率随着名义汇率的不断升值出现了一定程度的高估。在当前金融危机不断蔓延的情形下,急需调整逐步升值的汇率政策,避免高估对实体经济特别是出口产生的负面影响。     

Structural breaks and the equilibrium real effective exchange rate of China: A NATREX approach

This paper investigates the equilibrium real effective exchange rate for the Chinese RMB during the post-reform period, 1982–2010. We extend the NATREX model in several important perspectives and apply it for the first time to China. A wide range of economic fundamentals that are unique to the Chinese economy is introduced into the model. We construct a unique set of quarterly data and employ unit root and cointegration tests that can account for multiple endogenous structural breaks. In addition, to capture the evolution of China's foreign trade pattern, we employ time-varying (i.e. 3-year average) trade weights to construct the real effective exchange rate. We find two structural breaks in the cointegration relationship (in 1988 and 1992). Effective terms of trade, demographic factors, liquidity constraints and government investment are significant determinants of the equilibrium real effective exchange rate. The RMB was overvalued against a basket of 14 currencies until mid-1980s. During 1986–2010, it was undervalued in most years except after the Asian financial crisis in 1997. We have found persistent undervaluation from 2004 onwards. However, the misalignment rates are much lower than those reported by previous studies and the undervaluation rate actually declined sharply in 2008. The undervaluation rate rose modestly in 2009 and sharply in 2010, though it is still lower than what has been suggested by other studies.     

Overvaluation of the Real Exchange Rate and Export-related Loans in Korea

This paper discusses exchange rates, finance for exports and plant and equipment investment for export industries in Korea. The real effective exchange rate of the won was substantially overvalued in 1991 using 1985 as the base year. In addition, the amount of low interest export loans has dropped substantially since 1987. These factors are some of the most important reasons for the sluggish growth of Korean exports in recent years.     

Has the Chinese currency been undervalued?

China's trade surplus reached a record $102 billion in 2005 while the US trade deficit of $717 billion accounted for 5.8% of US Gross Domestic Product in the same year. US policy makers claim China's currency is undervalued about 25 to 35% against the US dollar and they blame China for holding the value of the RMB weak to keep Chinese products competitive on prices in international markets. Given the unique situation in China, where the capital account is only partially convertible and the economy has been growing at an annual average rate of 10% over the last two decades, this paper empirically examines the magnitude of the exchange rate misalignment of China's RMB against the US dollar by using the Behavioral Equilibrium Exchange Rate (BEER) and Permanent Equilibrium Exchange Rate (PEER) models. Our results show that the RMB was undervalued by approximately 15% from 2002:Q2 to 2003:Q4; however, it is interesting to note that while the RMB was overvalued during 1997:Q4–2002:Q2, China experienced a huge trade surplus during that period.     

The dollar in the turmoil

We study the impact of the global financial crisis on the equilibrium exchange rate of the US dollar. We first simulate the impact of the crisis on the US net foreign asset position. Then, we calculate the equilibrium value of the dollar according both to a BEER and to a FEER approach. We find the case for a strong, although temporary, depreciation of the dollar even more acute than before the crisis. This suggests that the strength of the dollar in late 2008 and early 2009 may be short-lived.     

A PANEL DATA APPROACH TO THE BEHAVIOURAL EQUILIBRIUM EXCHANGE RATE OF THE ZAR

The question of currency over- or undervaluation is often asked and implies the existence of an equilibrium exchange rate (EER). The aim of this research was to determine the long-term EER of the South African rand using the behavioural equilibrium exchange rate (BEER) methodology. This paper used a panel of data from South Africa's main trading partners to estimate the relationship between the EER and its fundamental determinants using dynamic ordinary least squares (OLS) and fully modified OLS. The average coefficients obtained describe the long-term behaviour of the individual countries' real exchange rates. Substituting the observed fundamental time series into the estimated equation derives the EER for each country and over- and undervaluation can be determined. The results indicated that the fundamental value of the exchange rate was driven by economic growth, the openness of the economy, its foreign reserves, the real gold price and capital expenditure. The exchange rate also fluctuated considerably around its equilibrium level but there is not long sustained periods of over- and undervaluation.     

The Impact of Korea's Exchange Rate Volatility on Korean Trade

This study uses a GARCH-in-mean model to analyse the impact of Korea's nominal exchange rate volatility on exports and export prices over the current flexible-rate period. The volatility of Korea's won increases the exchange risk of exporters and leads to changes in export volume and price. This paper provides some evidence that nominal exchange rate volatility has had a statistically significant impact on real exports over the current floating-rate period. We show that persistence-in-variance of exchange rates affects the market for exports in Korea. An important result is that the effect of exchange rate volatility on trade variables is shown to be significant. We find that the GARCH conditional variance has a statistically significant impact on the reduced form equations. The magnitude of the effect is generally stronger for export quantities than prices. This result is contradicts that of Kroner and Lastrapes's analysis. This is explained by the fact that Korean exporters choose the strategy of pricing to maintain market share instead of adjusting export prices to reflect exchange rate changes, even when this cuts profit margins.     

The Impact of Korea's Exchange Rate Volatility on Korean Trade

This study uses a GARCH-in-mean model to analyse the impact of Korea's nominal exchange rate volatility on exports and export prices over the current flexible-rate period. The volatility of Korea's won increases the exchange risk of exporters and leads to changes in export volume and price. This paper provides some evidence that nominal exchange rate volatility has had a statistically significant impact on real exports over the current floating-rate period. We show that persistence-in-variance of exchange rates affects the market for exports in Korea. An important result is that the effect of exchange rate volatility on trade variables is shown to be significant. We find that the GARCH conditional variance has a statistically significant impact on the reduced form equations. The magnitude of the effect is generally stronger for export quantities than prices. This result is contradicts that of Kroner and Lastrapes's analysis. This is explained by the fact that Korean exporters choose the strategy of pricing to maintain market share instead of adjusting export prices to reflect exchange rate changes, even when this cuts profit margins.     

人民币升值对中国船舶出口的影响

文章利用2008年第三季度与2013年第三季度之间人民币实际有效汇率数据与中国船舶出口交货值数据,以中国船舶贸易为中心,从汇率视角实证了人民币实际有效汇率提高如何对中国船舶出口产生影响。结果显示,人民币实际有效汇率每上升1个百分点,中国船舶出口交货值会上升32.25917个百分点。实证表明,人民币实际有效汇率的上升在现阶段对中国船舶出口是促进作用。     

Estimating the equilibrium exchange rate of the Central and Eastern European acceding countries: The challenge of euro adoption

This study estimates the equilibrium real and nominal exchange rates for five Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries. A new approach is adopted, which combines the fundamental equilibrium exchange rate (FEER) with the behavioural equilibrium exchange rate (BEER) methodology. In a VAR-based 3-equation cointegration system, we estimate structural equations for internal and external balances and link them to the real exchange rate. The estimated misalignment is used to derive equilibrium nominal exchange rates. The sustainability of an ERM-II-type exchange rate regime is investigated on ex post data, and the credibility problem of fixing the currencies of CEE countries vis-à-vis the single European currency is analysed. JEL no. E31, F31, O11, P17     

The misalignments in Chinese real effective exchange rate from 1994 to 2020: A counterfactual analysis

Using a novel panel data method proposed by Hisao, Ching and Wan (2012), we empirically evaluate the misalignments between the actual and counterfactual values of Chinese real effective exchange rate (REER, CPI-based) from 1994 to 2020, where “counterfactual” refers to the counterfactual scenarios that some major economic events had not happened. These events include China's accession to WTO from December 2001, the reforms of exchange rate regime in July 2005, June 2010 and August 2015, China's economic stimulus package in November 2008, and the US-China trade dispute started from March 2018. We calculate the counterfactual values for both real and nominal effective exchange rates (REER and NEER) in order to examine the channels of the misalignments. We find that the reform of China's exchange rate policy in July 2005 and August 2015 increased Renminbi's trade competitiveness in real term compare to foreign currencies, while other events decreased it or had no effects. The misalignments in REER are caused by the changes in both NEER and China's CPI.     

An empirical analysis of China's equilibrium exchange rate: A co-integration approach

This paper estimates time specific values for China's long-run equilibrium exchange rate and develops measures of the direction and extent of misalignment based on a reduced-form real effective exchange rate (REER) model. An appropriately specified long-run equilibrium model is estimated and tested following Johansen and Juselius (1990) procedures, which is then used to construct an estimated time path for long-run equilibrium exchange rate values.Unit root tests indicated that each series can be considered as I(1) and that there was one cointegrating relationship linking the RMB series with its “fundamentals” – openness, money supply, productivity and government spending – with long-run elasticities of (0.41), (0.97), (0.51) and (0.75), respectively. The estimated error-correction model of REER determination showed that during China's latest exchange rate regime (from 2005:Q3) the RMB was undervalued by an average of 6.7 percent, which is modest compared to related studies.Estimation of the associated short-run error correction model shows that the error correction term has a statistically significant value of 0.85, implying that the actual real effective exchange rates would converge relatively quickly (just over one quarter, on average) towards their long-run equilibrium level in the absence of central bank intervention.     

人民币实际有效汇率的构建方法研究

当今外汇市场上每天用于贸易交易的外汇交易量不到5％,95％以上都是与贸易交易无关的虚拟资本流动。但迄今为止,理论界和实务部门仍主要从贸易角度入手构建人民币实际有效汇率。本研究从国际收支即同时从经常帐户和资本与金融帐户角度考虑人民币实际有效汇率的形成机制,将相对生产率进步指标纳入人民币实际有效汇率权重的构成中,既吸收了篮子货币的优点,又能减轻由于非汇率对实体经济的冲击造成汇率的较大波动,从而保持一个较稳定的人民币实际有效汇率。论文的模型比IMF的模型更符合当代汇率的形成机制,论文预测了2009和2010年人民币实际有效汇率分别较上一年升值1．36％和1．17％。     

人民币均衡实际汇率研究:1978—2009

文章在总结了国内已有的关于人民币均衡汇率水平研究的基础上,以均衡实际汇率理论为依据,考虑中国实际国情和已有相关文献研究的结论,对均衡实际汇率模型进行了部分修正,筛选出人民币实际有效汇率的最优解释变量,并采用协整方法和H-P滤波技术,实证测算人民币均衡汇率水平,在此基础上,对改革开放以来尤其是2005年汇改之后人民币汇率失调情况进行深入分析,并对2005年汇改后央行出台的人民币汇率政策进行简单评估。     

人民币实际有效汇率与中澳贸易收支的关系——基于向量误差修正模型(VEC)分析

文章利用向量误差修正模型（VEC）,对中澳贸易收支与人民币实际有效汇率、中国实际GDP、澳大利亚实际GDP之间的关系作了实证分析。研究结果表明：中澳两国GDP、人民币实际有效汇率与两国双边贸易收支这四者之间存在长期均衡的关系;人民币有效汇率与两国贸易收支之间没有因果关系;调整人民汇率不能解决澳大利亚对中国的贸易逆差问题;人民币汇率与双边贸易收支之间不存在理论上的J效应;澳大利亚经济的发展有益于中国经济的发展,中国经济目前还是一个外贸拉动型的经济发展模式。     

Estimating the Equilibrium Effective Exchange Rate for Potential EMU Members

In this study, we attempt to examine the possibility of emergence of significant fluctuations of the exchange rates in the future for the candidate EMU countries. In doing so, we estimate the equilibrium rate of the nominal effective exchange rate for Poland, Hungary, Slovak Republic and Malta through the BEER and PEER approaches. While the PEER-based estimation implies a large misalignment rate for the Hungarian forint, the BEER-based analysis shows that the present exchange rates of the countries considered do not deviate significantly from their equilibrium rates. As a consequence, based on BEER analysis, we do not expect large fluctuations in the effective exchange rates among the currencies considered. Hence, the relevant effective exchange rates are expected to be relatively stable. As a matter of fact, the entry of those countries into EMU is not expected to weaken the stability of Euro.

The Effect of Exchange Rate on Bilateral Trade Balance: New Evidence from Malaysia and Thailand

This paper attempts to identify the major economic factors that influence the bilateral trade balances of Malaysia and Thailand with the US and Japan. To this end, an unrestricted VAR model was estimated using quarterly frequency data from 1980: I to 1996: IV. The Johansen results indicate a stable long-run relation between trade and three macro variables: exchange rate, domestic income and foreign income. The main findings of this paper are: (i) the real effective exchange rate is an important variable in the trade balance equation and devaluation improves the trade balances of both economies in the long-run; (ii) the other important variables that determine trade balance include domestic and foreign incomes; (iii) the results indicate no J-curve effect and causal run from exchange rate to trade balance, (iv) the real effects of devaluation are distributed over a period of eight to nine quarters.     

Real Exchange Rates and Fundamentals: Evidence from 15 OECD Countries

In an extended Balassa–Samuelson model, long-run real exchange rates are determined by relative productivity and terms of trade. We present evidence of systematic long-run relationships between these fundamental variables and real exchange rates in a data set covering 15 OECD countries from 1960 to 1996. High relative productivity is associated with real exchange rate appreciations in most cases. There is less support for the hypothesis that the terms of trade affect equilibrium real exchange rates.     

韩元升值对韩国货币政策与宏观经济的影响

首先,本文利用汇率弹性指数进行的分析表明,亚洲金融危机后韩元的汇率弹性有了较大程度的提高,韩国货币当局对外汇市场的干预倾向于烫平外汇市场的波动性而非抑制韩元的升值。其次,本文利用Girton-Roper(1977)模型分析结果显示,提高汇率弹性,实现货币升值,不仅可以减缓外汇储备增加的压力,还有利于更为独立的货币政策的实行。再次,本文利用弹性价格货币模型分析表明,韩国实行单独浮动汇率制之后,其宏观经济的稳定性有所提高;韩元升值并没有对其宏观经济造成冲击,反而有助于宏观经济的稳定。     

Exchange Rates and Prices under Processing Trade: A Macroeconomic Analysis

In an economy dominated by labor-intensive processing trade, such as China, real exchange rate appreciation can possibly increase rather than decrease net exports. As the import content of processed exports (a proxy for dependence on processing trade) increases in its continuum, the stable equilibrium for the exchange rate and price level eventually yields to a saddle-point equilibrium. Unless the initial inflation (or deflation) rate is uniquely moderate at a given exchange rate, either the depreciation-inflation spiral or the appreciation-deflation spiral can dominate. Monetary and fiscal policies can help a processing-trade dependent country in structural transition from excessive engagement in processing trade (the saddle-point equilibrium) to a more sustainable and balanced trade structure.