FDI的区域分布与中国区域经济发展关系探析

本文首先指出FDI在中国区域分布与区域经济发展之间存在着相关性，然后分析了FDI在中国区域分布的不平衡，并对形成这一现象的原因进行了剖析，最后提出了通过FDI的区域分布促进中国区域经济协调发展的一些政策建议。     

中国FDI空间集聚与趋势面

改革开放以来,我国FDI的空间分布呈现出明显的集聚特征,FDI空间集聚对区域发展差距扩大产生重要影响。究竟空间因素多大程度上能解释FDI的空间分布?本文应用空间计量经济学与趋势面分析相结合方法,以601个县级以上城市人均FDI和空间位置坐标数据研究了FDI的空间集聚与趋势面。研究发现,空间因素对FDI集聚分布的相关性极其显著。从空间因素看,中国人均FDI分布可分成5个集聚区域,北部和西南地区难以吸引FDI入驻。这意味着,更有效地促进FDI北上,尤其是西进应当作为今后较长时期内我国FDI政策的导向。     

市场化制度转型与跨国公司在华投资的区位决策

本文综合制度变迁和集聚经济理论视角,探讨了东道国市场化制度转型过程的动态特征对FDI区位决策的多重影响机制。实证分析以1998~2007年500强跨国公司(MNE)在中国30个省区FDI的微观交易为样本,运用NLM进行回归估计。结果表明,市场化制度的总体发展水平和各维度制度发展的同步性程度不仅对跨国公司FDI的区位决策有重要影响,还会通过对集聚经济的调节作用,间接影响跨国公司的区位决策。此外,对于不同类型、不同时期的FDI,市场化制度转型动态特征的作用程度也有差异。本文结论对于新兴和转型国家如何使国内市场化制度环境的发展进程有助于外资的合理区域分布,促进国内地区经济协调发展具有政策启示。     

FDI对东、西部经济增长贡献率的实证研究

外商直接投资（FDI）在我国区域分布上具有明显的二元性。本文利用1992—2002年间东、西部FDI与GDP的时间序列资料，测算了FDI对东，西部经济增长的贡献率，就FDI对东、西部经济差距的影响进行了实证分析，从东部的区位优势、竞争优势和国家政策方面分析FDI大多选择东部舍弃西部的原因。最后，就如何提高西部的招商引资能力，纠正FDI在地域上分布的非均衡性，避免东、西部发展差距日益增大提出了一些建议。     

开放三十年来外商在华直接投资的区位结构演变及动因分析

开放30年来,外商直接投资(FDI)成为中国经济的重要组成部分,推动了中国经济的快速发展。但是,由于我国对外逐步开放的特点、跨国公司在华战略布局以及我国各地区对外资吸引力的差异等因素,跨国公司在华投资区位呈现不平衡和动态发展的特点。本文通过对FDI在华投资30年的回顾,总结FDI进入中国不同区域三个阶段的特点、在华投资区域产业分布的特点以及不同来源地FDI区域分布的特点,指出中国政府的政策性因素、跨国公司的战略性因素和地方发展的禀赋性因素是造成FDI在华投资区位结构变动的主要原因。     

FDI与中国区域经济增长的实证检验

本文结合经济增长理论，利用中国东部、中部、西部三大地区的经济数据，构造了区域经济生产函数，发现FDI从东至西经济增长作用依次递减。同时，本文考虑到FDI的外溢效应，对FDI的长期经济促进作用进行了分析。     

FDI对我国经济增长影响研究的最新

FDI对于东道国经济增长的影响很早就引起了广泛的关注，学者们主要依据经济增长理论进行了FDI对东道国经济增长的影响研究。这方面的研究主要沿着两方面进行：一是基于古典增长提出的“两缺口”模型研究FDI对东道国经济增长的直接作用，二是在内生及新制度增长理论框架内基于FDI“综合要素”的作用，研究FDI外溢效果所形成的对东道国经济增长的“间接”作用。国内学者研究FDI对东道国经济增长影响在沿着上述两方面的基础上，从FDI对中国经济增长的是什么样的影响及影响程度到底如何、决定FDI影响中国经济增长的主要机制是什么、对比FDI与国内投资促进经济增长有什么不同之处、FDI对中国经济增长影响与其它国家相比有什么差异、FDI对中国各区域经济增长的影响情况如何等方面进行。     

FDI在我国技术外溢效应的实证分析

FDI能对引入国的经济带来外溢效应，在我国资金充裕的条件下，FDI的作用更多体现在提升我国的技术水平，本文分析了FDI技术外溢效应的传导机制，并对FDI与用索洛“余值法”测算出的中国技术水平的关系进行了经验分析，结果表明，FDI对中国的技术进步有明显的促进作用。对西部省份陕西省的进一步研究表明，在中西部地区，由于经济发展水平和制度因素的影响，FDI的技术外溢效应相对较弱。     

FDI在华区域分布影响因素的实证分析

自改革开放以来,随着外商在华直接投资的增多,FDI地区分布不均匀的现象越来越明显。本文采用2002年的相关数据,对影响FDI在华区域分布的因素进行实证分析。结论表明,当前我国FDI区域性分布与各地区的经济实力、投资环境、人力资源有关,而平均工资对外商直接投资几乎没有影响,说明外商在决定向各地区投资时更关注的是软环境因素(市场潜力、投资环境等)。文章最后根据这些影响FDI在华区域分布的因素提出了一些吸引外商直接投资的相应对策。     

加入WTO后中国吸引外商直接投资质量评价研究

从引进质量和利用质量两方面界定中国吸引FDI质量的内涵。在分析引进FDI质量和利用FDI质量影响因素的基础上，建立中国吸引FDI质量的评价体系。运用因子分析法对入世后中国吸引FDI质量进行评价。研究发现，中国吸引FDI质量在2001—2014年期间不断上升，2015年起开始下降，原因是数量型因子的大幅下降。中国FDI质量结构已从由数量型因子推动转变为由质量型因子推动。2018年以来，中美贸易摩擦加剧对中国引进FDI质量产生负面冲击，但对利用FDI质量产生了相反影响。为提升中国吸引外商直接投资质量，应进一步缩减外资准入负面清单，吸引大规模FDI项目进入高新技术产业；加强区域经济合作，增加来自其他发达国家的外商直接投资；建设良好的营商环境，扩大知识产权保护制度范围；提升环境保护力度，积极引进环保型外商直接投资。     

Memories of colonial law: The inheritance of human capital and the location of joint ventures in early-reform China

Using a unique data set of Chinese foreign direct investment (FDI) contracts from the 1980s and early 1990s, we explore those mechanisms of historical persistence resulting from China's unique colonial experience. Adopting difference-in-differences as well as difference-in-difference-in-differences analysis within conditional logit, we provide evidence that foreign investors favored locating FDI in Chinese cities in which their home country had a colony in the 19th century and that a human-capital channel best explains this persistent impact of colonial experience. While alternative explanations for long-term persistence are not consistent with the empirical findings, the results suggest that legal human capital inherited from colonial times affected economic decisions after 1978. Thus, we attempt to advance the literature on history's long-lasting influence by proposing one particular mechanism of persistence—memory of legal institutions, or inheritance of legal human capital.     

Do Institutions Matter for Foreign Direct Investment?

Using a panel of 69 countries during 1981 and 2005, we investigate the role of institutions in determining foreign direct investment (FDI). We find that institutions are a robust predictor of FDI and that the most significant institutional aspects are linked to propriety rights. Using a novel data set, we also study the impact of institutions on FDI at the sectoral level. We find that institutions do not have a significant impact on FDI in the primary sector but that institutional quality matters for FDI in manufacturing, and particularly in services.     

Legal Traditions and Foreign Ownership Modes: Evidence from China

Using census data gathered in 2001, the present paper examines how legal traditions influence foreign investors’ choice of ownership modes in China. The study finds that, first, investors from economies sharing the same legal origin with China tend to select ownership modes with a relatively high level of foreign control. That is, such foreign direct investment (FDI) firms are more likely to be wholly owned enterprises or joint ventures with relatively large foreign shares. Second, similarities in legal enforcement between China and the home economies correlate positively with high foreign control. Third, the effects of legal traditions on ownership modes are relatively weak for new entrants compared to their forerunners, probably owing to the continuous improvement in China's business and law institutions.     

Global Foreign Direct Investment Flows: The Role of Governance Infrastructure

It is widely argued that a country’s economic performance over time is determined to a great extent by its political, institutional and legal environment. We refer to these institutions and policies as the governance infrastructure of a country. We utilize newly developed indices to examine the effects of governance infrastructure on both foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows and outflows for a broad sample of developed and developing countries over 1995–97. In addition, we examine the role of other forms of infrastructure including human capital and the environment. The results clearly indicate that governance infrastructure is an important determinant of both FDI inflows and outflows. Investments in governance infrastructure not only attract capital, but also create the conditions under which domestic multinational corporations emerge and invest abroad. It would appear that investments in governance infrastructure are subject to diminishing returns, so that the benefits, in terms of inflows, are most pronounced for smaller and developing economies.     

Understanding bilateral FDI flows in developing Asia

Unlike trade flows, there has been little to no detailed examination of foreign direct investment (FDI) flows between Asian economies. This paper uses bilateral FDI flows data to investigate trends in intra-Asian FDI flows over the period 1990–2005. It employs an augmented gravity model to identify the main determinants of intra-Asian FDI flows. Possible drivers of FDI flows, including transactional and informational distance (proxied by distance), real sector variables, financial variables and quality of institutions are examined.     

One country, two systems: Foreign-invested enterprises and domestic firms in China

This paper shows that there is a dualist legal regime in China in that different bodies of laws and regulations apply to foreign-invested enterprises (FIEs) from those that apply to domestic firms. In general, the legal and regulatory treatments of FIEs are superior to those that pertain to domestic firms, especially domestic private firms. The dualist nature of China's legal regime is designed to insulate the economy from full effects of foreign direct investment (FDI) as well as to protect socialism.     

Should I stay or should I go? Foreign direct investment,employment protection and domestic anchorage

This paper examines theoretically and empirically how employment protection legislation affects location decisions of multinationals. We depart from the “conventional wisdom” by examining not only the effect of protection on inward foreign direct investment (FDI), but also a country’s ability to “anchor” potential outward investment. Based on our simple theoretical framework, we estimate an empirical model, using data on bilateral FDI and employment protection indices for OECD countries, and controlling for other labour market institutions and investment costs. We find that, while an “unfavourable” employment protection differential between a domestic and a foreign location is inimical to FDI, a high domestic level of employment protection tends to discourage outward FDI. The results are in line with our conjecture that strict employment protection in the firm’s home country makes firms reluctant to relocate abroad and keeps them “anchored” at home.     

中国企业对外直接投资行为分析

中国企业的对外直接投资问题正越来越受到学术界的关注。由于独特的历史及制度特征和转型经济特点,中国企业的对外直接投资行为表现出有别于西方国家的特点,也使得相关的理论对中国企业的投资行为缺乏有力的解释。本文在梳理经典对外直接投资理论的基础上,结合中国企业对外直接投资的现状,提出了一个四象限的分析框架,指出了传统理论的局限性,并吸收传统理论中的部分成果,结合中国企业对外直接投资的特征进行理论扩展。我们的主要结论是,中国企业的对外直接投资行为,不仅是其在全球化条件下实现国际化学习和成长的内在需要,而且也是相关企业与国内外制度环境互动的结果。     

The Use of Debt Covenants Worldwide: Institutional Determinants and Implications on Financial Reporting

This study investigates how the use of debt covenants around the world varies with legal institutions. On the basis of syndicated loans in 36 countries, we find that debt covenants are more prevalent in countries with stronger law enforcement and weaker creditor rights, suggesting that law enforcement facilitates, and creditor rights substitute for, the use of covenants. We also find that the substitution effect between covenant use and creditor rights exists mainly in countries with strong law enforcement, and the effect of legal institutions on covenants is primarily driven by covenants that preserve seniority and capital. In addition, timely loss recognition increases with the use of debt covenants and strong creditor rights attenuate this relation. Overall, our study is the first to provide comprehensive evidence on how the use of debt covenants responds to legal institutions and how it bridges the previously documented link between legal institutions and accounting conservatism.