数字经济下平台竞争对反垄断规制的挑战

平台经济是数字经济的重要组成部分,作为一种新的经济业态与生产组织方式具有优化资源配置、推动经济多元融合、促进产业升级与跨界融通发展的重要作用。平台企业在高速发展的同时也形成了垄断隐忧,妥善处理数字经济的创新发展与规制平台垄断行为的关系是全球反垄断司法辖区亟待解决的问题。平台的算法行为是企业为实现利润最大化而做出的明智的单方市场应对行为还是竞争者间非法合谋的结果,是数字经济中尤为突出的难题。数字经济的发展使平台的滥用行为既有传统反垄断法所规制的滥用行为的新表现,也有新型滥用行为。同时,大型数字科技公司的零存活区策略以及大型公司对初创企业的收购对竞争的影响亦值得反垄断法关注。从垄断协议、滥用市场支配地位和合并控制等角度看,应加强平台竞争监管,在现有反垄断法分析框架和体系下对平台竞争垄断进行规制,通过对立法、执法、司法的技术完善和更新来适应数字经济的特点和发展变化。在加强对平台竞争监管的同时,更要顺应数字经济的发展规律,创新对平台竞争监管的方式,构建公平有序的竞争环境,促进相关技术的革新与进步,推动平台经济与实体经济的深度融合,从而实现经济效率与社会总福利的提升。此外,应优化竞争分析框架,构建包含消费者福利、用户数据及隐私保护、平台的产品或服务质量等因素的多元分析框架,改进市场调查等竞争政策工具。     

全球贸易竞争对美国反垄断政策的影响

反垄断政策是美国政府最重要的经济政策之一。在贸易全球化时代,有观点认为,反垄断政策不利于美国企业在国际市场上的竞争,甚至认为应当将反垄断政策置于贸易政策之下。但美国政府接受了经济学家迈克尔·波特的理论,坚持激烈的国内市场竞争有助于美国企业国际竞争力形成的观点,反对将反垄断政策作为贸易政策的工具,并在政策取向上一方面对反垄断政策进行调整,使反垄断政策有助于推动企业创新;另一方面积极推动反垄断领域中的国际合作,为美国企业创造更加平等的竞争环境。     

农业合作社联合行为豁免适用反垄断法问题研究

目前,农民专业合作社在农产品生产、加工、销售、运输、储存等经营活动中实施的联合或者协同行为,可以豁免适用反垄断法的禁止性规定,但是豁免的结果会造成农产品市场竞争者利益、农民和消费者利益受损。结合我国农业产业化发展的实际,可以从确立适用原则、完善现行反垄断法农业领域适用除外规定,以及在合作社法中增加与反垄断法的衔接规定等方面,完善我国农业领域反垄断豁免制度。     

论反垄断法与贸易政策的互动关系

反垄断法与贸易政策是国际市场活动中被广泛运用的两个有效工具。如何发挥这两个工具的积极作用,实现国际市场的自由、公平竞争,提高全球消费者福利,是国际社会迫切需要解决的议题之一。通过对贸易政策和反垄断法在维护市场公平竞争秩序方面的各自实现途径的讨论,证明了他们是一种互动和互补关系。在全球化经济环境下,国际性贸易政策虽然得到了不断的完善。但是,国际反垄断法的发展却面临着重大的困难。因此,为真正实现国际贸易的公平自由竞争秩序,制订和完善国内反垄断法并推动反垄断法的国际化,具有相当的紧迫性。     

Market Concentration, Economic Welfare, and Antitrust Policy

The authors review the foundation for incorporating market concentration directly into consumer utility functions, and develop a general equilibrium model to derive welfare-maximizing principles for optimal enforcement of antitrust policies toward concentrated market structures, including merger policy. An intriguing result is that increased market concentration can fail to maximize economic welfare even if a proposed merger might generate positive net efficiencies.

美国银行并购的反垄断规制及对中国的启示

1963年拉开了美国银行并购的反垄断规制的序幕。到目前为止,美国已建立起了较为完善的银行并购的反垄断规制体系。文章通过分析美国银行并购的反垄断规制的缘起、方法与其特征,指出中国应借鉴美国的经验,构建自身的银行并购的反垄断规制体系,包括：（1）以＂合理原则＂为反垄断分析的核心原则;（2）民族金融竞争力的提高作为银行并购的反垄断目标;（3）高效的组织管理体系和合作有序的管制协调机制;（4）制订《银行并购法》作为银行并购的指引;（5）科学合理的对竞争效果的经济分析体系;（6）激励性和约束性相容的反垄断规制政策;（7）规制政策应具有前瞻性和灵活性。     

What Do We Conclude from the Success and Failure of Mergers?

Tichy's review of the evidence presents at best a very mixed picture of the success of mergers as a corporate strategy. However, care should be taken not to interpret this as a case for crudely prohibitive competition policy. A simple framework is developed to show that mergers anticipating market changes might not be inappropriate, even when ex post results will appear disappointing. We argue that the competition authorities should protect consumers, and not provide management consultancy on behalf of shareholders. We suggest a more limited reform of the EC Merger Regulation than that proposed by Tichy.     

When Should an Incumbent be Obliged to Share its Infrastructure with an Entrant Under the General Competition Rules?

According to the essential-facilities doctrine, competition law requires an infrastructural monopoly to provide access. Under the Bronner criterion, proposed by the EC Court, the doctrine is only applicable when a symmetric infrastructural duopoly is non-viable. This paper uses a simple model to illustrate that, from a welfare point-of-view, the Bronner criterion may provide too little monopoly protection for the incumbent in high-risk new markets, while requiring too much investments from the entrant in low-risk mature markets.JEL classification: L43, L51     

互联网反垄断能促进数据隐私保护吗?

数据隐私通常被视为产品质量的一部分,可以通过反垄断法的实施来提升对其的保护程度。但是,对于互联网企业而言,由于双边市场的特质,需要通过获取用户数据来提供服务。竞争的加剧会使得企业需要更多的数据来获得竞争优势。对于用户来说,由于数据获取的隐蔽性、认知的局限性以及对于产品价格过度敏感,充分的竞争也难以让用户选择隐私保护程度更高的企业。正是由于市场竞争存在这些局限性,所以通过反垄断法很难实现提升隐私保护的效果。     

The regulatory challenge to branding: An interpretation of UK competition authority investigations 1950–2007

Abstract

Branding is a necessary and important business tool. This study, however, examines whether branding can constitute an anticompetitive act. While most markets and firms do not undertake anticompetitive actions, being identified as such can result in a wide range of negative outcomes. To explore this low-frequency yet high-risk outcome, this study assesses how branding has been perceived to be anticompetitive by the UK competition authorities. This assessment is undertaken by examination of all UK competition law regulatory decisions undertaken over the period 1950–2007 by the UK competition authorities. From this assessment, it is observed that branding can facilitate excessive pricing, requires vertical restraints, and can lead to consumer confusion; all potentially anticompetitive acts. The competition regulatory decisions focused on branding issues are demonstrably different from regulatory decisions without branding concerns and involve larger, often manufacturing, firms, which operate in more concentrated markets. It is concluded that comprehension of competition law needs to be disseminated more widely amongst marketing communities and greater reference to business and marketing theory should be made by competition law agencies to assist the comprehension of marketing techniques such as branding.     

论特许经营中知识产权的滥用与规制

特许经营是21世纪国际经济贸易的主要商业经营模式。特许经营的核心是包括商标、专利、商业秘密等知识产权以及产品经销权、经营模式所构成的特许权的使用许可,特许人以此对被特许人进行持续的监督、控制。而知识产权本身是一种合法的垄断权,常常被滥用而引起限制竞争的效果。西方主要国家均对特许经营进行反垄断法规制,而且立法日趋严格,对我国具有借鉴意义,我国应建立完善以反垄断法为核心的法律体系,用以规制特许经营中的知识产权滥用行为。     

Modernizing U.S. Antitrust Law: The Role of Technology and Innovation

Antitrust law is an important feature of the U.S. business environment, profoundly af­fecting the strategies and actions of firms of all sizes and in many indus­tries. Furthermore, antitrust litigation can adversely affect the competitive outlook for a publicly-traded compa­ny that finds itself in the unenviable role of defendant. From time to time, the U.S. Congress has undertaken major reviews of current legislation to adapt it to emerging challenges in the economy.JEL Classification L400     

国际竞争政策协调博弈分析及其演进的方向

战略性竞争政策会带来劳动力在国际分配上的无效率,从而减少世界福利,但是对于东道国政府来说却是一个明智的选择.国际竞争政策体制中ICN和WTO方法的竞争能够产生一种有效机制,从而可以权衡一致性的前景和局限,或者它只是将力量分散,而不是将力量统一在一起进而克服效果原则中不尽如人意的地方.     

竞争政策与企业发展环境

作为市场竞争规则的竞争政策对于建立和维护正常的市场竞争秩序,有效地保护和鼓励正当竞争,正常发挥竞争机制的作用,保障社会主义市场经济健康发展具有重要意义。企业的发展离不开其所依赖的外部环境,企业的外部环境是多方面的,具有关联性和不稳定性。政府的竞争政策为企业制定了＂游戏规则＂。在市场竞争中,政府作为竞技场中的裁判应该尽职尽责,既不能缺位,也不能越位和错位。     

我国低集中度市场结构的形成原因及对策

受我国传统计划经济体制影响,在完善的社会主义市场经济体制尚未建立情况下,我国产业组织与市场结构呈现出集中度偏低、市场结构分散的状况。通过低集中度市场结构的表现,造成的效率损失和形成原因分析,旨在为优化市场结构,消除体制障碍,促进大规模企业形成,并实行宽松的反垄断规制政策提供参考。     

互联网平台反垄断的局限与突破：由“腾讯封禁抖音案”引发的思考

互联网平台垄断行为的频发引发社会争议,也促使中央提出\"强化反垄断和防止资本无序扩张\"。不过,《反垄断法》在互联网领域的适用凸显执法困难的问题。对腾讯封禁抖音行为的分析显示:虽然腾讯可能在即时通讯市场和短文字社交市场中拥有市场支配地位,其限制抖音外部链接转发的行为也符合拒绝交易的行为特征,但该行为可能并不产生排除、限制竞争的效果,因此不属于《反垄断法》中滥用市场支配地位的行为。互联网平台限制竞争的行为在多个层面冲击既有的反垄断分析框架。欧盟的《数字市场法》草案为我国规制互联网平台限制竞争的行为提供了新的思路。     

WTO框架下贸易政策与竞争政策的关系

贸易政策和竞争政策的关系是复杂的,表现为互补性、不一致性和替代性：两项政策之间的关系是WTO“贸易与竞争”议题的逻辑起点,而“贸易与竞争”议题可能导致世界贸易体制的重大发展,因此全面了解它们具有重要意义。     

创意竞赛对中国企业创新的启示

随着技术变革速度的加快以及互联网工具的广泛应用,企业开始打破原有的封闭式创新模式,从外部广泛寻找创新来源,而创意竞赛就是其中一种非常重要的外部创新获取方式。通过对创意竞赛理论发展和实践的归纳,提炼了开展创意竞赛需要经历的四个阶段,总结出创意竞赛过程中存在的问题,旨在为我国企业的自主创新实践提供参考。     

Competition in Markets and Competition for Markets

This paper builds on a distinction that is sometimes made between competition in a market and competition for a market. Competition for a market refers to the struggle to create a new market, or to erect a new standard, and it is usually associated with the process of innovation that brings new displacing technologies to market. Competition in a market is the conventional view of competition, and concentrates on the actions of incumbents and imitative entrants in well-established markets. The paper reviews some of the issues that competition for markets raises for anti-trust policy makers, and then asks whether competition for a market is a perfect substitute for competition in a market.     

市场准入视角下国际竞争政策与贸易政策的协调

市场准入问题不仅仅与贸易政策有关,与竞争政策也有很大的关系。与限制竞争行为有关的外国企业在本国市场的市场准入壁垒主要表现为企业限制竞争行为、政府行为和混合型限制竞争行为,讨论了贸易政策和竞争政策在市场准入问题上互相替代的方式和效果,并指出二者如何在市场准入问题上实现互动。