中国服装加工贸易升级研究——基于全球服装生产网络视角

一、全球服装生产网络内的加工贸易升级 伴随着经济全球化进程的日益深入,以跨国公司为首的微观经济运行主体正发生着组织方式与治理模式上的深刻重构与创新.     

从内部网络的角度探究新兴市场跨国企业的反向知识转移

知识是塑造企业竞争优势的重要来源。为了在全球商业环境中保持竞争力,跨国公司必须有效地收集来源于在地理上分散的子公司网络中的知识。随着新兴市场跨国公司的崛起,反向知识转移（RKT）成为这些国家或地区跨国企业母公司寻求战略资产和知识的重要实践。反向知识转移的发生和发展存在一定的环境之中,在这个过程中,子公司、母公司及其联系构成这一复杂系统的内部结构,而如文化、政治经济等环境,知识属性都是这一内部结构与之交互的外部内容。本研究聚焦于新兴市场跨国公司反向知识转移这一主题,关注于反向知识转移系统的内部组织结构,从“员工-组织-复杂网络”三个维度总结影响反向知识转移效果的重要因素,期望能对指导企业实践起到一定的借鉴意义,为未来学术研究的方向做出一些启发。     

跨国公司的组织结构及其演变探究

跨国公司的组织构架主要是指跨国公司的正式组织结构,其模式以及演变的动因是企业要不断提升盈利能力。要想获得卓越的盈利能力,跨国公司就要兼顾实现区位和经验曲线经济、核心竞争力的转移以及地区调试,使得公司组织构架与发展战略以及竞争环境相协调。许多跨国公司最初使用典型的职能结构,随着自身的不断成长,开始相继选择产品分部、国际分部、世界范围的地区或产品分部、全球矩阵、跨国网络、虚拟化等结构,以满足企业的发展需要。     

子公司知识来源对跨国公司知识流动的影响

知识流动是跨国公司最重要的资源流动。不同来源的知识在跨国公司内转移的效率不同,所需要的组织机制也不同。对于基于知识网络的现代跨国公司而言,必须充分重视子公司知识来源与转移绩效的关联性,选择有利于知识流动的组织机制。     

试论公司组织结构创新

网络时代的到来 ,电子商务的广泛运用 ,改变了人类经济活动的方式。跨国公司以横向扁平型的网络组织结构取代“金字塔”型的矩阵式组织结构 ,以减少MNC经营的不确定性风险 ,实行全球化经营战略创新 ,为我国企业的分权发展和保持总体协调的组织结构创新提供了借鉴与有力的信息支持     

中美跨国公司受政府金融政策支持的比较分析

正随着跨国公司全球生产基地和研发中心的相继建立,跨国公司全球销售网络和服务渠道的陆续形成,世界各国之间经济相互依存性、互补性和影响性不断增强,资源配置、利用、整合效率不断提高,在全球范围内组织技术研发、产品生产、商品流通的跨国公司越来越多,国际经贸交流与投资合作空前     

中国参与国际分工问题探究——基于GVC分工的视角

全球价值链分工为中国融入新国际分工体系和生产组织网络提供了契机,提供了可供其学习跨国公司竞争力的培育过程并不断积累内在竞争优势和新的产业升级路径。同时,价值链分工也带来要素收入分配不平衡下的"比较优势困境"和知识要素分布的恶心循环。中国参与全球价值链分工拥有外贸规模不断扩大和进出口贸易结构优化提升以及广阔的国内市场和良好的投资环境等优势,但经济增长利润升值空间有限。     

跨国公司嵌入对物流产业集群本土企业创新绩效的影响

本文通过对288家物流产业集群本土企业进行问卷调查,运用结构方程模型验证了跨国公司嵌入对物流产业集群本土企业创新绩效的影响以及知识共享的中介作用。研究结果表明:跨国公司关系嵌入能够促进物流产业集群本土企业创新绩效,而隐性知识共享在这个过程中起到部分中介作用;跨国公司认知嵌入并不直接影响物流集群本土企业物流创新绩效,而是通过隐性知识共享的完全中介作用实现;跨国公司结构嵌入和显性知识共享对物流产业集群本土企业创新绩效的影响并不显著。研究明确了跨国公司嵌入对物流产业集群本土企业创新绩效的影响及其机制,对于我国物流产业集群提升创新绩效提供了一定的指导。     

发展中国家对接跨国公司R&D资源转移研究

跨国公司的R&D资源从封闭到向发达国家开放,再到向发展中国家转移,经历了特殊的发展阶段.目前,发展中国家正成为发达国家跨国公司主导的全球R&D网络的重要节点,本文基于UNCTAD2005年的世界投资报告,分析了跨国公司R&D资源向发展中国家转移的现状,提出了发展中国家对接跨国公司R&D资源转移的比较优势理论,揭示了"推拉吸引"四个促进R&D资源向发展中国家转移的动力机制,并剖析了发展中国家利用跨国公司R&D资源方面存在的不足,结合中国实际,提出了有针对性的对策建议.     

知识网络与合作网络解耦作用下企业创新网络绩效研究

本文以社会网络和知识创新理论为基础,对企业技术创新网络进行解耦研究,构建知识网络与合作网络互相嵌入的创新网络模型,分析其网络特性(结构洞和中心集中度)对创新绩效的影响机理,结合丰田公司和苹果公司的案例进行分析,将企业创新类型分成两类:一个是侧重知识网络构建的丰田创新类型,另一个是侧重合作网络构建的苹果创新类型,为企业创新研究打开了新的视角。     

Does parenting matter in subsidiary innovation in emerging economies? Exploring the role of parent superior competitiveness in affecting subsidiary contextual ambidexterity

Parenting in the multinational enterprises (MNEs) creates a dilemma when parent company manages the subsidiary contextual ambidexterity, in which parent superior competitiveness may nurture subsidiary exploitation while inhibit exploration. This study addresses this dilemma by developing an integrated framework and investigating how parent superior competitiveness affects the subsidiary contextual ambidexterity (innovation initiative and motivation of learning from the parent), which in turn increases subsidiary innovation performance. Furthermore, it is also examined that what tactics subsidiaries should take to resolve the dilemma. Using 296 survey responses from multiple informants of 111 subsidiaries in China, we find that parent superior competitiveness hinders subsidiary innovation initiative, but enhances subsidiary motivation of learning from the parent company. The negative effect of parent superior competitiveness on subsidiary innovation initiative becomes weaker when the strengths of subsidiary external tie and parent-subsidiary communication are enhanced. The positive effect of parent superior competitiveness on subsidiary motivation of learning is strengthened by subsidiary external tie, whereas no significant effect is found of parent-subsidiary communication. In addition, subsidiary innovation initiative contributes to subsidiary innovation performance through knowledge exploration and subsidiary motivation of learning from the parent positively affects innovation performance.     

Exploring the role of front-line employees as innovators

This article aims for a deeper understanding of front-line employees (FLEs) and their boundary-spanning role in service organizations’ innovation processes from the vantage points of creativity and service innovation theory. It explores in particular FLEs’ processes of creativity by focusing on how ideas emerge and how these ideas are further managed in the organizations’ innovation processes. It draws on an in-depth empirical study of three units at a large spa and resort hotel. The article demonstrates how FLEs’ ideas are related to the assimilation and utilization of knowledge gained in the customer–supplier interface. Furthermore, it introduces the concept of ‘management by weaving’, which encompasses the middle managers’ roles in the complexity of leading diverse innovation processes in the service organization. By having the roles of facilitator, gatekeeper, and translator, middle managers hold the key position for letting FLEs play the role as innovators.     

Innovation and export performance of emerging market enterprises: The roles of state and foreign ownership in China

This article examines the role of ownership for the relationship between innovation and exports. Analyzing a large firm-level data set on Chinese manufacturing firms during 2000–2007, we find that state ownership has a positive moderating effect on the innovation–export relationship. We ascribe this effect to state-owned firms’ privileged access to complementary resources and networks that strengthen their ability to use innovation to generate exports. In contrast to many earlier studies, we also find that foreign ownership has a negative moderating effect. One likely reason is that indicators of local innovation do not reflect the flows of knowledge between foreign-owned firms and their parent companies. This finding highlights the fact that innovation and production may be geographically separated within multinational enterprises. A policy implication of the analysis is that public support to innovation is likely to have stronger effects on exports when it targets firms that carry out most of their activities in domestic market.     

Tastes differ: Comparing company strategies,innovation trajectories and knowledge sources in Dutch soft drink production in the 1930s

Impelled by a crisis in Dutch horticulture in the early 1930s, two Dutch food preserving companies, Hero and De Betuwe, decided to start producing non-alcoholic drinks made from fruits and vegetables. Different kinds of knowledge were needed for this radical innovation. Innovation trajectories were established and knowledge was incorporated, but the knowledge sources and ‘knowledge filters’ of the two companies were very different. Hero's Swiss parent played an important role in transferring Swiss knowledge of production techniques to its Dutch subsidiary company. De Betuwe, on the other hand, mainly relied on knowledge provided by the existing Dutch horticultural innovation network. While succeeding in the soft drink market was to a certain degree a competition between publicly available knowledge and private knowledge, in the end both companies succeeded in producing a comparable product, but their routes to success were different.     

Parent control mechanisms,knowledge attributes,knowledge acquisition and performance of IJVs in Taiwan service industries

The study explores parent companies' use of control mechanisms in their international joint venture (IJV), IJV knowledge acquisition and IJVs' performance. Traditionally, control mechanisms are criticized for potentially limiting autonomous learning. However, we propose that knowledge-oriented control mechanisms used by the parent company on its subsidiaries could facilitate knowledge acquisition and learning. This study takes samples from 104 Sino-foreign joint ventures in service industries in Taiwan. The results of the study indicate that in IJV, parent companies require a ‘personnel training’ control mechanism as a guide for gaining codified knowledge from foreign partners. MNCs should apply ‘culture’ and ‘performance’ control mechanisms to gain non-codified knowledge. In turn, the tacit knowledge of IJV results in a better economic, competency-based performance, while explicit knowledge more significantly influences the synthetic performance.     

Parent universities and the location of academic startups

Academic startups are thought to locate in their parent university’s home region because being in the vicinity of a university provides cost advantages in accessing academic knowledge and resources. In this paper we analyze the importance of a different mechanism, namely, social ties between academic entrepreneurs and university researchers, for enabling and facilitating the access to academic knowledge and resources, and therefore for the location of academic startups. We employ unique data on academic startups from regions with more than one university and find that only the parent university influences academic entrepreneurs’ decisions to stay in the region while other universities in the same region play no role. Our findings suggest that the mere local availability of a university may not per se guarantee access to knowledge and resources; social ties are additionally required. The importance of social ties implies that academic knowledge and resources are not necessarily local public good. This holds implications for universities’ role in stimulating regional development.     

Process innovation strategy in SMEs,organizational innovation and performance: a misleading debate?

This article contributes to the study of process innovation as a growth strategy for SMEs, enriching and complementing the well-researched debate about product innovation. Thus, under-researched process innovation strategies are analyzed, and their antecedents and innovative performance implications explored. The results show that process innovation strategy is mainly shaped by the acquisition of embodied knowledge, which acts as a key mechanism for countering firms’ weak internal capabilities. As process innovation is mainly production oriented, performance consequences are measured using the production process indicators of cost reduction, flexibility and capacity improvement, avoiding traditional misguided measures based on sales, which are more product oriented. Drawing on information for 2,412 firms taken from Spanish CIS data, our results suggest that R&D efforts are not positively related to production process performance, but that the latter is improved by the synchronous co-adoption of organizational and technological innovation. SMEs conducting a process innovation strategy rely heavily on the acquisition of external sources of knowledge in order to complement their weak internal innovative capabilities, and their pattern of innovation shows clear-cut differences from traditional R&D-based product innovation strategies. The article uses a resource-based view framework to generate hypotheses.     

Knowledge intensive business services and client innovation

Innovative activities, driven by a knowledge economy era, globalization, and pressure of global competition, have profoundly impacted local economies since the late 1980s. Relevant studies in the recent decade have gradually emphasized the increasing importance and continuous expansion of knowledge intensive business services in current economic development. This topic represents a major trend impacting industrialized economies. Therefore, this study elucidates the roles and functions of knowledge intensive business services as an area innovation system evolves. Exactly how technology-based firms and knowledge intensive business services interact with each other, as well as the roles of knowledge intensive business services, is also analyzed by examining how the area innovation system centered in Hsinchu Science-Based Industrial Park in Taiwan has evolved. Results of this study demonstrate that knowledge intensive business services function in an intermediary role in the innovation system. These services enhance their customers’ capacity for specialization, subsequently improving their evolutionary capabilities and producing tangible innovative cycles.     

创新绩效角度的战略性新兴产业发展实证研究——以新能源产业为例

文章以新能源产业为例,根据《战略性新兴产业分类》,从中国工业企业数据库遴选出归属该产业的企业。利用微观企业层面的大样本数据,对企业创新绩效进行综合性研究。基于面板Probit计量模型的估计结果表明：企业的R&D投入、出口与否和企业知识积累对企业的创新产出有明显正向效应。企业规模、企业资本密集度等因素对创新产出的重要性因所有制不同而不同。政府需要采取有针对性的政策来诱导企业尽可能多地进行R&D投入,扩大出口以及增加企业本身知识积累。     

Conceptualizing CSR as innovative adoption by MNCs from emerging Asian economies

Two frequently researched fundamental factors in the recent business arena are corporate governance and corporate social responsibility (CSR). Though the earlier is globalized in various aspects, the latter is still traditionally identified as a Western practice for corporations. This research paper argues that Multi-national Corporations (MNCs) from emerging economies contribute to their parent country's business dynamics including CSR through “reverse knowledge innovation.” To some extent, CSR is prioritized and implemented in these emerging economies, as their MNCs adopt and diffuse CSR practices domestically through reverse knowledge flows. Based on 10 economies from Asia in terms of CSR adoption, we find that CSR is largely considered a Western business innovation among the emerging economies and their home-grown multinationals are the main vehicle of transfer in this case. This study identifies that there are three different levels of CSR adoption depending on a country's phase of economic development: Luxury, diffusion, and institutionalized. The study thus contributes in terms of a multi-level theory by highlighting a source of CSR variation at the national level in the domain of Asian emerging economies.