“善意赌博”的赌博经济学分析

赌博问题是最具争议的社会问题之一,也是政府在权衡禁止与合法化时的一道难题。许多国家和地区的政府已经成功地将赌博合法化,使恶习成为促进公共利益的活动。在中国彩票和彩票业成功发行与运作的基础上,探索建立健全赌博合法化的法律体系,适度发展中国的博彩业,让赌博最大限度地发挥正面功能并消除负面影响,这也应是政府应考虑的问题。     

Does Vice Make Nice? The Viability and Virtuousness of Charity Lotteries

ABSTRACT

Globally, charities are under increasing pressure to find alternative sources of funding. Although charitable gaming has long been considered a viable source of revenue for charities, opponents of gaming have raised concerns about the potential negative consequences associated with gambling. The current paper examines a unique form of charity gaming–the charity super lottery (CSL)–that offers a number of fund-raising benefits to cash-strapped charities. Results from a preliminary study of CSL ticket buyers suggest that the CSL may be both a virtuous and viable source of fundraising. Interviews revealed that CSL consumers (1) viewed the ticket purchase as a donation rather than gambling, (2) were unlikely to be involved in other forms of gambling, and finally (3) perceived the CSL purchase as a complementary rather than supplementary form of charity support behavior. Implications for the fundraisers of charitable organizations and directions for future research are discussed.     

Changing the Odds: A Study of Corporate Social Principles and Practices in Addressing Problem Gambling

This paper documents a quantitative study into socially responsible principles and practices adopted in registered clubs in New South Wales Australia to manage one of their social impacts – problem gambling. The survey utilised an adapted version of Aupperle's (1982) corporate social responsibility instrument to measure the priority given to economic, legal, ethical and discretionary principles in club machine gambling operations. The survey also assessed support for certain management practices in responsible gambling. The results indicate that the participating club managers prioritise economic, legal, ethical and discretionary principles respectively, and that these are statistically related to practices they have implemented and support in responsible gambling. The managers most favoured secondary harm minimisation practices, followed by reactive primary intervention. Less favoured were proactive primary intervention and discretionary practices. These principles and practices contrast markedly with those advocated by key stakeholder groups, as expressed in semi-structured interviews and submissions to the NSW Gaming Inquiry. Non-industry stakeholders favoured a more balanced set of principles and a more holistic set of management practices in responsible gambling. The results also provide validation of Aupperle's (1982) instrument when applied to corporate management of a single social impact and for Carroll's (1979, 1991) construct of corporate social responsibility.     

美国禁止通过互联网提供赌博服务的贸易争端评述

安提瓜诉美国“赌博案”是世贸组织争端解决机制新近审理结案的一个涉及以互联网方式跨境提供服务的典型案例。文章介绍了这一案件的背景,论述了本案所涉及的实体法律问题,简要分析了本案所带来的启示并预测了其前景。本案的审理及其结果,展现了国际服务贸易中的市场准入规则的重要影响,更凸现了服务贸易的市场开放和国内社会安全之间的潜在矛盾。同时,也将对世贸组织体制内的电子商务、自由贸易与公共道德之关系等问题的走向产生重要影响。     

Corporate behaviour and ecological disaster: Dow Chemical and the Great Lakes mercury crisis, 1970–1972

Abstract

The discovery of dangerously high levels of mercury in the Great Lakes from industrial wastewater discharge severely shook the United States and Canada in 1970. Emergency actions covered industrial shutdowns, fishing bans and accelerated monitoring programmes. Charges against local chlor-alkali businesses, such as Dow Chemical, became the first instances of green-collar crime in the context of modern environmentalism in North America. At the same time, the legal, scientific and political management of the crisis foreshadowed the difficulties victims, prosecutors and polluters would face more generally in the field of environmental crime in the future. This contribution on Dow Chemical and the Great Lakes mercury crisis extrapolates the ambiguities inherent to ecological disaster and corporate behaviour, and encourages scholars to situate their analysis within a framework of scientific uncertainties and legal loopholes.     

Celebrity Endorsements in Advertisements and Consumer Perceptions: A Cross-Cultural Study

ABSTRACT

We studied consumer perceptions of celebrity endorsements from a cross-cultural perspective. In empirically examining consumer perception of celebrity endorsement, we used Hofstede's cultural dimensions to develop research propositions and examined these propositions through focus group discussions involving consumers from India and the United States. Findings indicated that specific differences and similarities exist in how consumers across India and the United States perceive celebrity endorsements. There is a positive, although moderate, impact of celebrity endorsements on attention and exposure of consumers. Implications for marketers as well as suggestions for future research are discussed.     

Interfield Dynamics: Law and the creation of new organisational fields in the nineteenth-century United States

Abstract

This article draws on the concept of ‘strategic action fields’ to examine the interaction of law and organisations in the nineteenth-century United States. Focusing on the emergence of savings banking, it analyses how new legal rules were created to define the actors, actions and relationships that constituted the organisational field. The article develops three conceptual claims about the dynamics of institutional contexts: (a) the configuration of state fields shaped the nature and timing of legal rule making vis-à-vis organisational fields; (b) state actors engaged in ‘inter-field framing’ by applying analogies from the legal field to define social order in the organisational one; and (c) the legal and organisational fields were mutually constituted through these interactions. The article concludes by elaborating on the broader value of the theory of fields in business history.     

Exploiting online social gambling for marketing communications

Internet technology provides a new approach to how gambling is conducted in postmodern times. Drawing on constructivist research and utilising a single case study strategy, this paper examines online social gambling and real money gambling marketing communication practices, as well as offering some insights into the development and implementation of effective marketing communication programmes. In contrast to existing studies, this paper, in part, proposes integrative and higher levels of marketing communication programmes between online social gambling and real money gambling environments. The paper reveals the implicit structure of meanings underlying the link between online social gambling activity and real money gambling practices.     

网络环境下私人复制的性质分析

在当今网络时代的大环境下,私人复制已成为社会生活的常见行为,给予私人复制行为的合法性和复制权的基础地位,在印刷时代和电子时代似乎并不引人注目。然而,在网络环境下,由于复制的快捷性和批量性等新技术特点,使原来的"合理使用"论受到了前所未有的质疑和挑战。结合我国立法司法现状,需要重新界定网络环境下私人复制的性质,对私人复制加以法律规制,即将三步检验法纳入到《著作权法》中;将个人欣赏性质由合理使用变为法定许可。     

Product,Environmental, and Service Attributes That Influence Consumer Attitudes and Purchases at Wineries

Abstract

Direct sales of wine and winery souvenirs to winery visitors is important in a number of regions throughout the United States and around the world. The attributes that influence winery visitors' beliefs can have a significant impact upon wine purchases, repeat visits, positive word-of-mouth comments, and upon future purchases at restaurants and other retail outlets. A study of winery visitors found four underlying factors from a list of 17 attributes. Regression results indicated that several wine, environment, and service attributes have a significant impact upon consumer attitudes and purchases. Product and purchase involvement were also found to impact purchase behavior.     

Outshopping Through the Internet: A Multicountry Investigation

ABSTRACT

From the viewpoint of trade leakage for local retailers, Internet shopping bears a similarity to traditional outshopping, in the tendency to shop outside the consumer's immediate shopping areas. Yet, the relationship between consumer outshopping?related characteristics and preference for Internet shopping has received little, if any, research attention. We investigate this relationship using survey data from consumers in three countries—the United States, India, and Korea. According to the results, consumer in-home shopping proneness and perception of time pressure are positively related to consumer preference for Internet shopping mode. In contrast, consumer support for local shopping and orientation toward time management are negatively related to Internet shopping preference. Other findings and managerial implications are also reported.     

Character Portrayal: Examining Gender Roles in Television Commercials Targeted at Children in India and the United States

ABSTRACT

Children's market has been growing steadily not only in the United States but also globally. Advertisers have been targeting this segment heavily in recent years. Given the impact of this segment having increased rapidly in recent years, it is imperative for the advertisers to understand and develop effective advertising messages to reach this segment successfully. One of the essential components of advertisement content includes decisions regarding the gender portrayal of the characters. This study examines the depiction of self-presentation behaviors of the characters in commercials shown during the times and on the channels that children watch in India and the United States. The findings indicate interesting similarities and differences between the two countries. Managerial implications and future research directions are offered based on the findings.     

Slotting Allowances in China: Perspectives of a Large Manufacturer Versus a Large Retailer in the China Grocery Market

ABSTRACT

Slotting allowances and contractual marketing agreements pervade the retail environment in the United States. They represent a profit center for large retailers who exercise market power and represent a cost center for large manufacturers. Many manufacturers have alleged that they are “held captive” to procure prime retail space. Despite the influx of retailers and manufacturers based in the United States, the deployment of slotting allowances in China is less prevalent but does pervade the grocery sector. The purpose of this study is therefore to explore the attitudes of large Western manufacturers and retailers toward the issue of slotting allowances in the China grocery market through a qualitative study. In-depth interviews were conducted with key decision-makers from Coca-Cola (manufacturer) and Carrefour (retail hypermarket) to critically explore their attitudes toward slotting allowances. The interviews reveal principal differences grounded in cultural norms.     

新贸易保护主义下美国“337调查”发展趋势及其对中国外贸的影响

337调查作为一种新型的贸易壁垒,因其救济力度大、结案迅速、调查程序对原告有利等特点,成为美国企业在知识产权案件中频繁运用的法律手段。本文回顾了美国337调查的发展状况和趋势,探寻中国出口产品频遭337调查的原因,并为国内出口商提出一些应对策略建议。     

A Comparison of Print Advertisements from the United States and France

Abstract

This study extends the research on cross-cultural advertising by comparing print advertisements from the United States and France in terms of emotional appeals, information content, and use of humor and sex. A content analysis of advertisements from two types of magazines from the United States and France revealed that French advertisements make greater use of emotional appeals, humor, and sex appeals. Advertisements from the United States were found to contain more information cues.     

Environmental Impact on Marketing Channels Relationships

Abstract

The global market environment poses various challenges for its constituent channel members. In particular, the role-set of the wholesaler often differs across transitional, emerging, industrialized, and post-industrialized market settings. Regardless of the variants in market infrastructure and development, the wholesaler remains a critical role-set in global supply chains. The focus of this article is to explore the dynamic channel functions of wholesaling in the United States, a post-industrialized market setting. While wholesalers maintain a paramount position in the distribution of goods and the provision of value-added services in the U.S., the wholesaler has received a paucity of research attention. This paper provides a set of research propositions to facilitate empirical investigation of the wholesalers' impact on channel efficiency and effectiveness.     

Human capital,migration strategy,and brain drain

Abstract

This research was motivated by the increasing number of foreign students and scientists who are in the United States on temporary visas and who are able to change their status to permanent immigrant. Origin countries, among them industrialized western European nations, are concerned about losing many of their best-educated and most talented citizens. This article modifies and extends a theoretical model of optimal human capital investment before and after migration to shed new light on the emigration/immigration of the highly skilled, and explores some possible implications for the study of the so-called ‘brain drain’ phenomenon.     

Dealer Satisfaction Through Relationship Marketing Across Cultures

Abstract

The relationship of supplier-dealer relationalism with dealer satisfaction is examined with the help of a structural equation model in the two diverse cultures of the United States and India. Intrachannel relationalism between suppliers and dealers is measured in six dimensions: solidarity, mutuality, flexibility, role integrity, duration, and trust. The same measures of the various aspects of relationalism and dealer satisfaction are applied in the electric lamp and lighting equipment channels in the two countries with satisfactory reliability and validity. In both countries, relationalism as a whole is found to have a significant positive impact on dealer satisfaction. Individually, different dimensions have significant impacts on dealer satisfaction in the two countries. In the United States, trust and mutuality are individually significant, whereas in India, flexibility is the significant dimension affecting satisfaction. Managerial implications of the results and future research directions are discussed.     

Mobile Commerce

Abstract

To Business-to-Consumer (B2C) companies, finding convenient and secure payment methods is crucial. While the most popular payment method in the United States is the credit card, the common methods in Japan are cash on delivery, transfer of payment into bank accounts, and postal money order. The paper presents such issues as why credit card payments have not become the mainstream payment method in Japan, the current situation of other payment methods, and the future mobile trend.