培南类药物在我国基本知识产权概况

通过对已上市培南类药物的基本化合物专利及晶型专利调研,使广大仿制厂家就国内可上市销售的培南原料药有一个清晰的认识,亚胺培南,帕尼培南,美罗培南,法罗培南,比阿培南在我国仿制原料药已不存在法律问题,尔他培南在我国仿制上市仍需等待,多尼培南不定型产品虽未保护但就产品稳定性而言,晶型产品更有优势,要想突破晶型产品还有一定难度。     

临床常用细菌药敏试验方法

药敏试验能够快速的确定病原菌以及药物敏感结果，加强耐药监测，减少用药的盲目性，合理使用抗生素有效控制感染，避免耐药菌的产生，提升治愈率。临床微生物实验室应选择先进、方便的方法进行常规的抗菌药物敏感实验。     

畜禽养殖如何科学高效应用抗菌素

规模化畜禽养殖生产中，有的养殖户因长期使用和滥用抗生素，致使抗药菌株不断增加，甚至一些致病力不强的细菌也已构成了对畜禽新的威胁。因此，合理应用抗菌药物，采用适宜的剂量和疗程，以达到杀灭致病微生物和控制感染的目的，对于增强畜禽的免疫力和防止各种不良后果的发生，十分必要。     

浅谈抗生素的合理使用

在我国抗生素的不合理使用和滥用现象日趋严重地危害了广大人民群众的身体健康,成为威胁人类健康的"隐形杀手"。通过了解抗生素的应用现状,滥用抗生素的原因及细菌耐药性产生的机制及途径,为临床合理应用抗生素药物提供可操作依据,减少不合理应用抗生素现象的发生。因此合理使用抗生素已成为当今社会的重中之重。     

家具抗菌是忽悠人?

<正>随着健康环保意识的逐步增强,消费者对家居产品的附加功能有了更多要求,不少厂家也顺势推出了一些抗菌产品:抗菌地板、抗菌洁具、抗菌涂料等。抗菌建材在如今的市场上随处可见,似乎已相当"成熟"。然而,它们真的如商家所言能起到抗菌的作用吗?"银离子抗菌"光触媒抗     

抗生素的临床应用探讨

本文采用了进行了抗生素不合理用药表现，影响合理用药的因素及合理使用要走出的误区三方面作了初步分析的方法，探讨了临床抗生素的用药实际状况，得出不合理使用抗生素现象普遍存在，细菌耐药性产生明显增加的结论，并认为对于细菌性感染使用抗生素加增强机体免疫功能药物进行联合治疗。     

企业培树典型工作方法之我见

本文介绍了企业培树典型工作对企业发展的重要性。培树典型工作的几项重要措施,最后阐述了培树典型工作应该长期坚持,使典型人物层出不穷。     

我国抗生素菌渣资源化研究新进展

我国是抗生素类药物的生产大国,每年抗生素的产额占据全世界抗生素生产总额的20%~30%,大量的抗生素菌渣也相应的产生。抗生素菌渣是药物工程的副产物,在我国属于危险废弃物,也是一种宝贵资源。由于缺乏成熟高效的处理,资源化技术及科学完善的安全性评估方法,抗生素菌渣的处理问题严重地制约了发酵制药的发展。现阶段主要处理与资源化的手段有堆肥、厌氧消化、焚烧、肥料化、饲料化、填埋、能源化等。本文对抗生素菌渣的现状以及资源化处理方式进行了归纳与总结,同时也对抗生素菌渣处理进行了展望。     

抗生素污染控制研究进展

本文从源头控制和末端治理两方面介绍了抗生素污染控制技术的发展现状、源头,控制重点在于控制抗生素相关法律法规的出台以及抗生素使用的管理,末端处理重点介绍了各种物理、化学和生物的方法对抗生素生产废水的处理以及废水中抗生素的去除.     

抗生素滥用研究综述

在我国,抗生素使用率远高于西方国家。长期不当使用抗生素会影响患者疾病恢复。总结了抗生素滥用相关文献,对抗生素滥用的现状、原因和对策进行简单综述,为提高医疗资源配置效率提供理论和实践依据。     

Complicated head trauma from machete wounds: the experience from a tertiary referral hospital in Jamaica

There have been limited reports on machete wounds to the cranium. This study was carried out to document the injury profile in a series of patients who have sustained cranial injuries from machete wounds in this setting. Between 1 January 1998 and 1 January 2008, demographic and clinical data were retrospectively collected from all patients treated with complicated head injuries from machete wounds with at least one of the following clinical or radiological features: a recorded Glasgow Coma Score < 8 at any point during admission; compound skull fractures; protruding brain matter; cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks; intra-cranial bleeding; parenchymal contusions; lacerations and/or oedema. The data were analysed using the SPSS version 12.0. Of the 40 patients with complex injuries to the cranium, there was a 6:1 male preponderance with a mean age of 32.5 ± 13.7 years (Mean ± SD). The injuries included open skull fractures in all the 40 (100%) patients, depressed skull fractures in 20 (50%) patients, CSF leaks in 4 (10%) patients, protruding brain matter in 4 (10%) patients, cerebral contusions in 3 (7.5%) patients and extra cranial injuries in 16 (40%) patients. Tetanus prophylaxis and intravenous antibiotics were administered to all patients, and phenytoin was required in 16 (40%) cases. There were 37 (92%) patients requiring operative intervention at a mean of 10.4 h after presentation (SD ± 18.1; Median 6). The operative procedures included elevation of depressed fractures in 20 (54.1%) patients, dural repair in 10 (27.0%) patients and intra-cranial debridement in 7 (18.9%) patients. There were three deaths (7.5%), and seizures were recorded in 5 (12.5%) cases with no reports of infectious morbidity. Eighty percent of patients had a normal Glasgow outcome score on discharge. Complicated machete head trauma is uncommon at this health care facility in Jamaica. We achieved a satisfactory outcome with aggressive management consisting of prompt assessment of the extent of injury, appropriate antibiotics, anticonvulsants for those with seizures or cortical injury and early operation to decrease the risk of complications.     

Complicated head trauma from machete wounds: the experience from a tertiary referral hospital in Jamaica

There have been limited reports on machete wounds to the cranium. This study was carried out to document the injury profile in a series of patients who have sustained cranial injuries from machete wounds in this setting. Between 1 January 1998 and 1 January 2008, demographic and clinical data were retrospectively collected from all patients treated with complicated head injuries from machete wounds with at least one of the following clinical or radiological features: a recorded Glasgow Coma Score < 8 at any point during admission; compound skull fractures; protruding brain matter; cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks; intra-cranial bleeding; parenchymal contusions; lacerations and/or oedema. The data were analysed using the SPSS version 12.0. Of the 40 patients with complex injuries to the cranium, there was a 6:1 male preponderance with a mean age of 32.5 ± 13.7 years (Mean ± SD). The injuries included open skull fractures in all the 40 (100%) patients, depressed skull fractures in 20 (50%) patients, CSF leaks in 4 (10%) patients, protruding brain matter in 4 (10%) patients, cerebral contusions in 3 (7.5%) patients and extra cranial injuries in 16 (40%) patients. Tetanus prophylaxis and intravenous antibiotics were administered to all patients, and phenytoin was required in 16 (40%) cases. There were 37 (92%) patients requiring operative intervention at a mean of 10.4 h after presentation (SD ± 18.1; Median 6). The operative procedures included elevation of depressed fractures in 20 (54.1%) patients, dural repair in 10 (27.0%) patients and intra-cranial debridement in 7 (18.9%) patients. There were three deaths (7.5%), and seizures were recorded in 5 (12.5%) cases with no reports of infectious morbidity. Eighty percent of patients had a normal Glasgow outcome score on discharge. Complicated machete head trauma is uncommon at this health care facility in Jamaica. We achieved a satisfactory outcome with aggressive management consisting of prompt assessment of the extent of injury, appropriate antibiotics, anticonvulsants for those with seizures or cortical injury and early operation to decrease the risk of complications.     

Predicting the poverty impacts of trade reform

There have been a number of high profile food safety disputes in trade over the past decade. These include the widely publicized case at the World Trade Organization between the US and EU over hormone-treated beef. In particular, consumers in some industrialized countries have expressed concern over the health implications of consuming beef produced with antibiotics and other artificial supplements. Developing countries are affected in a significant way in how these concerns are addressed, as well as the balance between risk and safety reflected in how standards are set. This paper examines the impact of drug residue standards on trade in beef and the trade effect of setting harmonized international standards. We find that if international standards set by Codex were followed in antibiotics, global trade in beef would rise by over $3.2 billion. Among other developing countries, South African exports would rise by $160 million, Brazil's by $200 million, and Argentina's by over $300 million.     

动物源性食品中β-内酰胺类药物残留检测研究进展

自1928年青霉素抗生素发现以来,β-内酰胺类抗生素已增至几百种,其品种和数量居各类抗生素之首。β-内酰胺类抗生素在食物源性动物体内残留,易使人类产生过敏反应和细菌耐药性,目前许多国家已开始严格监控β-内酰胺类抗生素在动物饲养过程中使用剂量和方法。为全面了解动物源性食品中β-内酰胺检测研究现状,本文详细介绍了动物源性食品中β-内酰胺类药物残留的样品前处理与检测方法研究进展。     

Trauma epidemiology in Puerto Rico: in-hospital morbidity and mortality from 2002 to 2011

This study aimed to describe the distribution of injury mechanisms and to assess the impact of those mechanisms on the morbidity and mortality of trauma. All patients admitted to Puerto Rico Trauma Hospital (2002–2011) for road-traffic collisions (RTCs, 5,371), gunshot wounds (GSWs, 2,946), falls (2,319), pedestrian accidents (1,652), and stab wounds (SWs, 1,073) were selected. Gunshot victims were 1.19 (95%CI: 1.07–1.33) times as likely as road-traffic victims to have an ISS ≥25. Pedestrians were 1.76 (95%CI: 1.49–2.09) times more likely to have a GCS ≤8 than road-traffic victims were. The risk of dying was 2.64 (95%CI: 2.20–3.16) times higher for gunshot victims and 1.51 (95%CI: 1.23–1.86) times higher for pedestrians compared to patients who had had RTCs. Gunshot victims and pedestrians had the worst clinical outcomes. Accordingly, these patients should receive the most aggressive clinical management. Furthermore, it is imperative to develop public health campaigns on trauma prevention.     

动物福利对动物源性食品安全的影响

动物屠宰方式、饲料安全性、饲养环境是动物福利的重要组成部分。粗暴屠宰能诱发产生PSE肉和DFD肉;在饲料中超剂量使用添加剂或使用违禁兽药会造成严重的药物残留问题;饲养环境不符合动物福利的要求是动物疫病发生与传播的诱因。动物福利从根本上影响着动物源性食品的安全,如果不遵照动物福利标准,动物源性食品的安全性就难以保证。     

Medical Error Disclosure Training: Evidence for Values-Based Ethical Environments

Disclosure of medical and errors to patients has been increasingly mandated in the U.S. and Canada. Thus, some health systems are developing formal disclosure policies. The present study examines how disclosure training may impact staff and the organization. We argue that organizations that support “disclose and apologize” activities, as opposed to “deny and defend,” are demonstrating values-based ethics. Specifically, we hypothesized that when health care clinicians are trained and supported in error disclosure, this may signal a values-based ethical environment, and staff may be more committed to the organization. We surveyed 325 clinical care providers employed by a large hospital that had recently begun implementing disclosure policies and training. Disclosure training explained significant variance in perceptions of the ethical environment, and the ethical environment mediated the relationship between disclosure training and organizational commitment. Although this study explored disclosure of medical errors, organizational support for error disclosure is a concept that could be relevant for many types of organizations.     

The Role of Empathetic Concern and Communication on Job Tension and Job Satisfaction of Customer Service Employees

The authors examine a model of empathetic behavior introduced in the social and clinical psychology literature to determine whether empathy contributes significantly to the job satisfaction or job tension of customer service employees. Both job satisfaction and job tension were found to be influenced by the level of .empathetic concern employees had towards customers, the amount of emotional contagion they experienced, and the degree of communicative responsiveness expressed. Results suggest that management should hire empathetic individuals, develop empathetic skills among their employees, and empower them to act accordingly. Findings have applicability to all service related organizations and businesses.     

Virtual Waterless Ports

If there were not the economic crisis, Chinese economy were not affected, the market had stayed the same as two years ago or even earlier, economies in the eastern coastal areas had maintained strong. Midwestern economy had been a plant with plenty of shadow, inner land ports still fed eastern economy, maybe this unchanging condition will cause a visual fatigue.