知识溢出效应对产业集群技术创新能力的影响

产业集群内的知识溢出是相互的,知识溢出的程度主要取决于知识本身的性质。知识溢出对产业集群技术创新的影响是双重的,既有积极的推动作用,也有消极的影响,知识溢出对集群内部成员企业技术创新行为的激励是有条件的。对产业集群内部的知识溢出应给予创新者适当的补偿而不应完全抑制。     

产业集群内知识溢出对集群企业技术创新的影响研究

很多学者从知识溢出效应研究产业集群创新问题,而基于溢出途径的角度分析产业集群内知识溢出对集群企业技术创新的影响对提升集群创新能力与水平具有更现实的意义。本文正是基于此角度,通过建立关系模型,提出了知识溢出对集群企业技术创新影响的相应假设。     

产业集群知识溢出研究评述

产业集群现象一直是经济学研究的主流和重点，而知识溢出则是产生产业集群效应的最主要因素。本文从产业区位、技术创新、企业网络、竞争优势等方面论述了国外产业集群知识溢出的先进思想和理念。然后从理论和实证两个方面论述了国内此研究的现状和成果，并总结性地论述了产业集群知识溢出的发展趋势及研完的不足.     

企业知识溢出效应与产业集群竞争力分析

本文通过对产业集群的特点和企业知识的分析 ,探讨了知识溢出的途径 ,溢出效应对企业和产业集群的作用 ,指出产业集群内企业知识的溢出效应可以提高产业集群的竞争力。     

产业集群内部创新溢出研究

产业集群对创新有巨大的促进作用,知识、技术的外溢有利于集群企业快速、持续的创新活动发生。企业的技术创新对同行业企业会产生的示范和激励作用,企业间的距离越近,雇员之间的往来与沟通越便利,这种示范和激励作用就越强烈,新技术的扩散和创新速度也将越快;集群内部创新溢出的发生,导致产业集群创新水平提高,促使产业集群整体竞争力得到增强。     

区域知识溢出的集群效应研究

通过对知识溢出区域空间演化过程的分析,认为受自然地理因素和经济地理因素影响的知识溢出是集群效应产生的动力源泉。利用空间距离聚集度指标,对区域企业集群知识溢出的形成、集群分布及集群强弱和范围进行深入研究。研究表明:知识的空间根植性决定了知识溢出倾向于在一定空间实现区位极化。企业的地理集聚和区域知识溢出之间存在正向互动作用。     

产业集群的知识溢出效应研究

本文通过分析产业集群的知识溢出途径,探讨了知识溢出效应对产业集群的作用,指出产业集群的知识溢出效应提升了企业及集群创新能力和竞争力。     

中小企业集群知识溢出的影响因素分析

在企业集群内部,企业之间的知识溢出在提高企业整体科技和管理水平、信息共享、员工素质等方面起到了重要作用,极大地提升了企业的核心竞争力。本文在对前人研究进行综述的基础上,结合Teece的企业网络知识流动和学习的影响因素模型,对影响中小企业集群内部知识溢出的因素进行了分析,并提出相应的政策建议。     

产业集群知识溢出的复杂适应性研究

知识溢出改变了产业集群企业创新的知识环境,降低了企业的创新成本和风险,目前,知识溢出效应成为集群研究领域的前沿.文章阐述了知识溢出的内涵、分析框架,并根据复杂系统理论分析了知识溢出系统的适应性主体,总结出知识溢出的影响因素.     

论技术创新的企业集群效应

企业集群在技术创新和知识扩散方面,如知识外溢、企业集群供给与需求等造成企业集群相对于其它企业存在形式具有有利和不利于技术创新的因素。对技术创新企业应一分为二看待,因为技术创新与政府扶持、产业环境与布局、经济形式、交通与通讯条件、企业集群内是否有龙头企业及龙头是否发挥了领导市场和创新等相关。     

Clusters,knowledge spillovers and new venture performance: An empirical examination

Firms in geographic regions with industry clustering have been hypothesized to possess performance advantages due to superior access to knowledge spillovers. Yet, no prior studies have directly examined the relationship between a firm's location within a cluster, knowledge spillovers and firm performance. In this study, we examine whether technological spillovers explain the performance of new ventures in cluster regions. We find that ventures located within geographic clusters absorb more knowledge from the local environment and have higher growth and innovation performance, but contrary to conventional wisdom, technological spillovers are not the contributing cause of higher performance observed for these firms.     

Knowledge spillovers and high-impact growth: Comparing local and foreign firms in the UK

This paper is concerned with entrepreneurial high-impact firms, which are firms that generate ‘both’ disproportionate levels of employment and sales growth, and have high levels of innovative activity. It investigates differences in the influence of knowledge spillovers on high-impact growth between foreign and local firms in the UK. The study is based on an analysis of data from UK Innovation Scoreboard on 865 firms, which were divided into ‘high-impact firms’ (defined as those achieving positive growth in both sales and employment) and low-impact firms (negative or no growth in sales or employment). More precisely, the paper investigates the influence of knowledge spillovers on high-impact growth of foreign and local firms, from regional, sectoral and firm size perspectives. The findings suggest that (1) firms’ access to regional knowledge spillovers (from businesses and higher education institutions) is more significantly associated with high-impact growth of local firms in comparison to foreign firms; (2) because knowledge spillovers are more likely to occur in high-tech sectors (compared to low-tech sectors), firms in high-tech sectors are more associated with high-impact growth. Nonetheless, the relationship is stronger for local firms compared to foreign firms; (3) because small firms have greater need for knowledge spillovers (relative to large firms), there is a negative relationship between firm size and high-impact growth, but the negative relationship is greater for UK firms in comparison to foreign firms. Implications are drawn for policy and research.     

Cross sectoral FDI spillovers and their impact on manufacturing productivity

This paper explores the relationship between FDI spillovers and productivity in manufacturing firms in five European transition countries. The novelty of our approach lies in exploring different mechanisms of horizontal spillovers and disentangling the impact of backward and forward vertical spillovers from services and manufacturing sectors. We rely on firm level data obtained from the Amadeus database and annual input-output tables. The results from dynamic panel model estimations reveal that local manufacturing firms benefit from the presence of foreign firms in upstream services, especially in the knowledge intensive services, and in downstream manufacturing sector. Demonstration effect is found to be negatively associated with domestic firms’ productivity, while worker mobility and increased competition appear to be the main channels of horizontal knowledge diffusion. The firms’ productivity is also influenced positively by human capital and intangible assets. Finally, we show that the direction and intensity of both vertical and horizontal spillovers depend on the absorptive capacity of domestic firms.     

Geography,knowledge spillovers and small firms’ exports: an empirical examination for The Netherlands

This study examines the impact of external and internal scale economies on the decision to start exporting and the level of exports of innovating firms. Based on new trade theory, increasing returns to scale—both internal and external scale economies—are considered an important source of comparative and competitive advantage. The empirical analysis of (small) innovating firms in The Netherlands leads to two main findings. First, firms that are located in technical Marshallian clusters seem less inclined to become exporters. Availability of technical knowledge alone does not help to reduce entry costs that come with the decision to export and/or marketing and sales costs in order to achieve a higher export performance. Second, firms that experience difficulties in appropriating innovation rents due to labour poaching also seem to be less inclined to become exporters. The explanation for this second finding is the importance of outgoing knowledge spillovers, which is particularly relevant for small, product innovating firms. This reduces their probability to export. However, if firms export, the knowledge leaking argument is not valid for the export performance of the firm.     

Are there regional spillovers from FDI in the Swiss manufacturing industry?

This paper examines whether there are signs of regional spillovers from FDI, although evidence is still very scarce. It hypothesizes that (a) the assessment of regional spillovers relies on a detailed analysis of these effects, according to the channels by which they occur (namely, increasing competition, worker mobility, and demonstration effects); (b) the size and the extent of these effects depend on the interaction between their channels and the levels of existing technological capacity of local firms; and (c) spillover benefits tend to occur in regions where local firms largely invest in absorbing the best foreign knowledge. Using detailed firm-level manufacturing data from Switzerland, we have found that local firms gain from the presence of foreign firms in their region, but lose out if the firms are located elsewhere. Competition-related spillovers appear to be fully absorbed by local firms, with high technological capacities; worker-mobility-related spillovers are fully absorbed by low technology firms; while demonstration-related spillovers are absorbed by all groups of firms with mid technology firms experiencing the larger benefit. In addition, our results demonstrate that only local firms which have invested largely in the absorptive capacity benefit from spillovers, stemming mainly from technology transfer. This benefit seems to occur at both regional level and outside.     

The Two Faces of R&D: Does Firm Absorptive Capacity Matter?

This paper examines the dual effect of firm R&D efforts on productivity growth for Swedish manufacturing firms. The R&D efforts do not only stimulate innovation but also enhance firms?? ability to identify, assimilate and exploit new knowledge from the environment (Cohen and Levinthal. Economics Journal 99:569?C596, 1989). In this paper, we assume that the principal channel of transmission of new knowledge is through I/O linkages. Our econometric evidence suggests that in addition to the firm??s own R&D activities, R&D spillovers embodied in traded goods within the industry, others imported from abroad, and technology spillovers transferred from the technological frontier within an industry are important determinants of firms?? productivity growth. Results suggest that domestic R&D spillovers following the I/O links between industries are of minor importance in this respect. We also analyze whether firms?? absorptive capacity matters for productivity growth. Analyzing absorptive capacity is particularly important for assessing the effective contribution of spillovers from other firms. The effect of a firm??s absorptive capacity is found to interact positively with imported R&D spillovers, whereas domestic rents spillovers seem to play a minor role for productivity growth.     

Social networks and marketing cooperation in entrepreneurial clusters: An international comparative study

This research examines factors that influence the development of marketing cooperation among cluster-based firms in different regions in the world. Theorists have consistently demonstrated the role and importance of economic externalities, such as knowledge spillovers, within industrial clusters. Less research attention has been paid to the investigation of marketing-based externalities, though it has been suggested that these may also accrue from geographical agglomeration. The study focus is on the development of joint marketing activities between firms operating in a single industry sector, located in close proximity. The results suggest that social networking is important in facilitating inter-firm cooperation in marketing activities. The study also explores whether the levels of inter-firm cooperation differs between countries with distinctly different levels of social collectivism. Interestingly, this study finds few significant differences in marketing cooperation among cluster-based firms from Scotland and Chile.     

Is foreign direct investment a channel of knowledge spillovers? Evidence from Japan's FDI in the United States

Recent empirical work has examined the extent to which international trade fosters international “spillovers” of technological information. FDI is an alternate, potentially equally important channel for the mediation of such knowledge spillovers. I introduce a framework for measuring international knowledge spillovers at the firm level, and I use this framework to directly test the hypothesis that FDI is a channel of knowledge spillovers for Japanese multinationals undertaking direct investments in the United States. Using an original firm-level panel data set on Japanese firms' FDI and innovative activity, I find evidence that FDI increases the flow of knowledge spillovers both from and to the investing Japanese firms.     

Firms size and R&D spillovers: Evidence from Italy

The recent emergence in the industrial organization literature of a wave of studies identifying small firms as more innovative than their larger counterparts poses something of a paradox? Where do small firms get their knowledge generating inputs? The purpose of this paper is to link innovative inputs to innovative outputs. This enables the identification of the extent to which spillovers exist from major sources generating new economic knowledge, such as the research and development (R&;D) laboratories of private and public firms, as well as universities, to the innovative activity of large and small enterprises. Based on twenty Italian regions over a period of nine years, the emprical evidence suggests that, while firm R&;D expenditures contribute to the generation of innovative output for all firms, as well as for large and small firms, the spillovers from university research are apparently more important for small-firm innovation than for large-firm innovation.     

Revisiting the external impact of MNCs: An empirical study of the mechanisms behind knowledge spillovers from MNC subsidiaries

The majority of studies of knowledge spillovers from the presence of multinational corporations (MNCs) have focused on whether or not, rather than how knowledge spillovers occur from MNC subsidiaries to local host country firms. Using survey data from 210 MNC subsidiaries in Sweden, a composite model is developed examining the impact of two different environmental conditions on the occurrence of knowledge spillovers arising from innovation transfer within MNCs. We distinguish between horizontal knowledge spillovers (i.e., to competitors) and vertical knowledge spillovers (i.e., to customers and suppliers), and emphasise the conceptually important distinction between the two. The former are largely unintentional by nature whereas the latter can be considered as intentional knowledge diffusion. The results show that competitive pressure in the recipient subsidiary's local environment gives rise to unintentional knowledge spillovers, whereas it is negatively related to intentional knowledge diffusion. The results also support the notion that the degree of embeddedness of in a subsidiary's business network in the host country is positively related to intentional knowledge diffusion. An important finding of the study is that there is a positive relationship between intentional knowledge diffusion and unintentional knowledge spillovers.