Trends in worldwide intellectual property protection: The case of the pharmaceutical patent

The protection of intellectual property is of growing concern as an issue in international trade. Both the NAFTA and the TRIPS provide chapters on intellectual property, a subject matter included in multilateral trade agreements for the first time. These provisions were designed to reassure owners of such property that their rights would be protected in participating countries. Few industries are as dependent on adequate protection than the patent protected segment of the pharmaceutical industry. It is only through enforceable patent policies that drug companies can generate sufficient revenues to undertake the costly research and development that make the introduction of new products possible. This article examines recent trends in intellectual property protection on a global basis, focusing on differences and similarities within the pharmaceutical industry both in the European Community and the United States. Despite the focus on the pharmaceutical industry, the trends discussed should be of interest to any firm that utilizes intellectual property in its overseas activities. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Appropriation of Innovation and Patent Behaviors of Technological Firms in the Yangtze Delta Area

In the transition from “made in China” to “invented in China,” what is the motivation of Chinese firms in applying for patents? Why do some firms bypass patents? How is patenting developing within Chinese firms? This paper attempts to answer these questions using data of Chinese firms in the Yangtze River Delta region. Results indicate that, for product innovation, obtaining the lead time for market entry is of top priority in innovation protection, followed by confidentiality and patent protection. As for process innovation, confidentiality ranks first, followed by patent protection and obtaining the lead time. There is a significant and positive relationship between prior experience of patent licensing and possibility of future patent licensing. Firms with painful patent litigation experience tend to avoid it in the future. It is also found that there are great differences in patent behaviors between Chinese enterprises and their foreign counterparts.     

政府补贴、国际知识产权保护与企业创新——来自战略性新兴产业上市公司的证据

政府补贴对企业创新的影响存在争议,在美国重点打击中国战略性新兴产业的背景下,补贴这一产业政策的有效性再次引起热议。本文以2012-2017年沪深A股战略性新兴产业上市公司为样本,研究在国际知识产权保护加强的背景下政府补贴对战略性新兴产业创新绩效的影响。研究发现:中国政府实施的补贴政策有利于促进战略性新兴产业创新,但国际知识产权保护加强约束了中国政府补贴的规模和空间,从而抑制了补贴政策对战略性新兴产业创新的激励作用;此外,基于企业和产业异质性视角,国际知识产权保护的加强主要抑制了补贴对国有企业、内资企业和新材料产业创新的促进作用。进一步完善补贴政策和国内的知识产权保护制度,有利于提升中国在构建国际经济新秩序中的话语权。     

Patent Protection, Transnational Corporations, and Market Structure: A Simulation Study of the Indian Pharmaceutical Industry

This study examines the role of patent protection on the behavior of transnational corporations and market structure in the Indian pharmaceutical industry. The method of analysis is the calibration of a theoretical model to firm-level data from two therapeutic groups of the Indian pharmacy market, and a simulation analysis asking the hypothetical question of what the market structure would be if India granted patent protection to pharmaceutical products. The model developed for the simulation analysis explicitly accounts for the complex demand structure for pharmaceutical goods that results from the presence of therapeutic substitute drugs, and product differentiation among chemically equivalent drugs.     

江苏省专利制度对战略性新兴产业的影响分析

在追求高效的当今世界经济体系中,大力发展技术密集型产业是大势所趋。专利作为技术密集型产业的关键因素,无疑是发展战略性新兴产业的核心。完善而有效的专利制度成为战略性新兴产业发展的保障。本文希望通过实证分析获得专利制度是否对战略性新型产业的发展产生影响、呈何种影响方向、影响力度大小的有力证据,并基于专利制度提出发展战略性新型产业的有效措施和建议。希望能给全国的专利制度和战略性新兴产业发展起到示范作用。     

Foreign investment in North America and the pharmaceutical industry in Canada

Unique among developed countries in denying patent protection for pharmaceuticals, Canada modified her laws in 1987 and again in 1993 to meet international standards, thereby permitting her to participate in NAFTA and become a signatory of the TRIPS of the Uruguay Round. Canada's concerns for containing health costs and providing quality health care for all its citizens were important factors in her original position. It was only as a result of international pressure and an alliance between the multinational pharmaceutical firms and the university community in Canada that she offered greater patent protection. The results of these changes had an immediate effect on improving the business environments and significant investments by the multinational pharmaceutical firms have increased substantially since 1987.     

WTO争端解决机制下药品专利保护案对我国的启示

美诉印度药品和农业化学产品专利保护等案涉及的问题：未公布的行政做法与透明度原则的关系、DSH推理中司法经济原则之运用、不同成员基于同一事由再次申诉、专家组报告作为先例的约束力等，这些对我国有一定启示。结合我国目前药品专利实施情况，应运用公共利益原则，适当延长药品专利保护期；专利保护期将尽时对仿制药品予以保护。     

国外专利权保护与出口——基于中国电子信息业的实证研究

文章采用双边贸易引力模型,基于三个细分电子信息业的数据对国外专利权保护与中国出口之间的关系进行了实证研究。结果发现,总体上,国外专利权保护会通过市场扩张效应促进中国电子信息业出口,但这种积极的贸易效应主要存在于经济发达或模仿能力强的进口国,而在欠发达或模仿能力弱的进口国,专利权保护则通过市场势力效应对中国电子信息业出口产生消极影响。另外,国外专利权保护对中国电子信息业出口的贸易效应会随时间发展而趋于明显。     

东北地区特色产业的选择与分析

发展特色经济,培育自己的优势产业,对于东北老工业基地振兴具有举足轻重的作用。应用比较优势理论,通过对东北地区各产业、各行业区位熵的计算与分析,筛选出东北地区的具有地方特色的七大产业,即旅游产业、石油石化产业、交通制造业、精品钢材产业、林业、能源产业和中医药产业。     

商业秘密制度的法经济学分析

在经济学和法经济学领域,对商业秘密制度的研究要明显少于对版权、专利权等知识产权制度的其他形式的研究。与消费者直接相关的信息和知识不应属于企业的隐私,消费者有权知道消费品的全部真相,而保护强度超过版权和专利权的"超级专利权"的商业秘密制度大幅度地降低了消费者及整个社会的福利水平。     

中国涉案WTO争端解决的条约解释及其比较

2011年是中国入世后涉案WTO争端解决的结案数量最多的一年。这些结案报告含有大量关于WTO协定的条约解释,且多半直接影响案件的裁定,全面地、深入地研究这些条约解释,对于总结中国涉诉案件的经验教训以及继续更好地应对WTO争端解决,维护中国的国家利益及企业合法权益,具有十分重要的理论与实践意义。     

专利保护对我国外商直接投资的影响分析

本文利用实证数据分析了我国专利保护对FDI的投资规模、产业结构、投资模式、进入方式等方面的影响,说明专利保护状况不仅是吸引外资流入的重要法律保障,而且在一定程度上还是提高外商直接投资规模、质量和效益的重要手段。     

The Ethics of Global Supply Chains in China – Convergences of East and West

This paper addresses ethical issues surrounding global supply chains of multinational companies in developing countries. In particular, it considers the development and application of industry-wide ethical standards and codes of conduct for multinational supply chains in China. We describe and analyze the ethical norms and compliance components of such industry-wide regimes in the toy, textile, and consumer electronics industries. We argue that this development represents an positive attempt to institutionalize emergent international ethical standards and practices into this component of the Chinese economy.     

特朗普政府对华投资保护政策的新进展与中国对策

美国对华投资保护逐渐加强,并呈现出新表现和新特点。美国对华投资保护政策转变的原因包括:美国通过遏制中国的科技创新能力来巩固其全球科技领导地位;美国各界对"中国崛起"达成新的共识;美国对中国对外投资规模和投资模式的担忧;"非对称"和"非互惠"的双边投资准入政策等等。除此之外,美国对华投资保护政策存在以下影响:未来双边或多边投资框架协定可能会朝着更加有利于"美国优先"的方向发展;美国对华投资保护的不断升级或将产生连锁反应;美国将重点打压中国高端制造业和技术密集型产业投资;美国通过重塑和强化以美国为主导的全球价值链阻碍中国向价值链高端攀升。     

中国环境保护对产业国际竞争力的影响分析

建立了一个环境保护强度的综合评价指标体系,通过对不同污染程度产业的国际竞争力分析,将环境保护强度与产业国际竞争力的相关关系进行实证检验,指出环境保护强度与产业国际竞争力并不具备规律性相关关系。     

战略性贸易产业R&D补贴的实施策略研究——事前补贴与事后补贴之比较

我国在世贸组织规制下对战略性贸易产业实施保护面临选用什么样的政策保护工具及如何实施的问题?R&D补贴因其具有非专项性和非贸易扭曲性而成为符合世贸组织规制的贸易保护工具。本文利用博弈模型和数据模拟法对R&D补贴的两种实施策略进行了比较,发现事后R&D补贴策略能够产生更大的福利效果,更加有利于节约资源和避免寻租,是优于事前R&D补贴的实施策略,具有更强的现实可行性,值得我国政府采纳。     

论适度保护关税税率

面对日益加速的经济全球化进程,各国仍然在普遍使用关税措施来保护本国产业的发展.在这方面,发展中国家需要解决的问题是设定一个适度的保护关税税率,以让国内产业既有生存和发展的空间,同时又有足够的竞争压力来提高效率.根据国内与国际平均生产成本的差异来确定保护关税的税率是一个可行的办法.进一步削减关税是我国加入WTO后需要承担的义务,应当按照适度保护关税的原则把平均关税的税率稳定在一个合理的水平上,并根据国内不同产业的发展状况,提供必要而有效的保护.     

PCT国际专利申请、技术缺口及对策研究

在知识经济时代,研发投入、专利技术与标准竞争已经成为企业市场竞争的关键成功要素,跨国公司正在成为专利技术的主要发明者和控制者。文章基于2002~2007年国际PCT专利申请数的面板数据和与之相关的关键信息,解释了国际PCT专利申请的发展趋势及结构差异,从理论上阐明了中国已经从开放经济中获得了一定程度的"静态惠益"和"动态惠益",并分析了中国制造的"技术缺口"及其深刻的基础原因,提出了具有操作性的政策建议。     

Competition Policy for High Technology Industries

I present a model of optimal product-market competition policy when industries differ in the potential for quality-improving technological advance. In a two-period, model, a competition authority with limited resources administers a deterrence-based competition policy toward two industries. In one of the industries, an incumbent firm chooses the level of resources to invest in a quality-improving R&D project. In the other industry, product quality is constant. Optimal policy requires the competition authority to administer a tougher competition policy before innovation, all else equal, the greater the potential quality improvement. I derive basic results for the case of one-time innovation, and extend them to the cases of sequential innovation and patent protection that confers limited antitrust immunity.     

基于BP神经网络的出口产品价格监测预警模型

根据反倾销理论,当出口商品的价格低于其正常价值、进口国同类商品的价格降幅明显且其生产者遭受到严重损失时,进口国政府将进行反倾销诉讼。基于此,以我国出口至美国的棉纱为例,利用BP神经网络建立了出口产品价格监测预警模型,旨在提高我国出口棉纱生产商及政府在面对美国反倾销诉讼或实施贸易保护政策时的反应能力。实验结果显示:该模型具有较高的训练和预测精度,可以起到预警的效果。