大数据时代食品监管模式创新性研究

以大数据为时代背景,通过研究食品监管制度,创造性地提出企业定制监管模式。大数据是一种对海量数据处理分析的技术手段,将大数据的手段运用到食品监管中,建立企业数据库、数据共享平台和数据公开平台,对食品企业数据进行收集与挖掘,为企业定制个性化的监管模式,有针对性地进行监管,优化监管资源的配置,提升监管效能。     

Does shelf space management intervention have an effect on calorie turnover at supermarkets?

Despite recognizing the potential of retail settings for interventions aimed at bringing the rate of obesity down, there have been few attempts to implement experimental studies aiming to increase consumption of healthy foods and decrease consumption of unhealthy foods in the retail setting. An experimental controlled trial has been conducted using 10 supermarkets in Denmark. The study looked specifically into the possible effect of shelf space management intervention at supermarkets. The study found a significant intervention effect for individual products targeted by the project. But overall, care is needed to interpret results on aggregate level since statistical findings do not support category wide effect of shelf space intervention.     

探究中学生饮食的安全与健康

本文通过对在校部分学生日常饮食的调查,分析目前中学生在校期间饮食的种类、安全习惯和健康习惯,并对中学生在校期间饮食的安全和健康进行科学分析,使中学生在校期间养成一个科学、安全的饮食习惯,来保证学生的身体健康,顺利完成学业。     

Calorie information effects on consumers' food choices: Sources of observed gender heterogeneity

A larger portion of males is overweight than is females. Females' food choices in comparison to those of males reflect the greater importance that females attribute to health and physical appearance; their more complex attitude toward risk; the greater esteem in which they hold home-cooked food; and sociological factors. This paper explores the variables that affect consumers' food choices, shedding light specifically on the choice process and analyzing whether gender affects predispositions toward foods, perceptions, choice processes, or all three. Perceptions and choice processes based on memory judgments serve only as a benchmark used to compare choices consumers make under calorie information. The results of two experiments wherein the researchers exposed subjects to two forms of calorie information on three fast food items suggest that differences in perceptions of foods' healthfulness and taste aspects account for gender differences in memory-based choices. In addition to this baseline difference in perceptions, a gender difference in reaction to calorie information in terms of consumers' behavior exists. While calorie information affected both perceptions and choice processes for females, information changed the perceptions of food only for males.     

A Typology of Situational Factors: Impact on Salesperson Decision-Making about Ethical Issues

We explore two dimensions of situational factors expected to influence decision-making about ethical issues among sales representatives – universal vs. particular and direct vs. indirect. We argue that these distinctions are important theoretically, methodologically, and managerially. We test our hypotheses by means of a survey of 252 sales representatives. Our results confirm that considering universal and particular and direct and indirect situational factors contributes to our understanding of decision-making about ethical issues within a sales context, specifically willingness to engage in an unethical act. We also find that personal factors act independently and interact with situational factors in decision-making about ethical issues. Both demographic factors, age and gender, and personality factors, Machiavellianism and self-monitoring, have main effects on decision-making, and some of these factors interact with situational factors to affect decision-making. For example, age of the decision-maker (younger) and size of commission (larger) interact such that the likelihood of choosing an unethical alternative is greater.     

Clicks and Mortar: The Effect of On-line Activities on Off-line Sales

Retailers did not immediately extend their business to the Internet environment, fearing that on-line activities could adversely impact their off-line sales. To facilitate assessment of the impact of on-line activities on off-line sales, we develop a method that allows retailers to use readily available market data for making informed decisions. The proposed method determines (1) the extent to which on-line sales cannibalize off-line sales, and (2) whether on-line activities build on-line equity for the firm. We illustrate the method using data from Tower Records' Internet sales division. We find that on-line sales do not significantly cannibalize retail sales and that the firm's web activities build long-term on-line equity. While the proposed method can be used by any clicks-and-mortar firm, our firm-specific results indicate that Towers' fears regarding cannibalization due to its own Internet activities were unfounded.     

Effectiveness and Use of Marketing Activities Covered by the 1990 AICPA-FTC Consent Agreement

Members of the Association of Accounting Marketing Executives evaluated the effectiveness and use of marketing activi- ties covered by the 1990 AICPA-FK consent decree to determine what, if any, impact the decree had on CPA marketing. A slight increase in usage of a few of the activities occurred after the consent decree was signed. Many of the covered activities are viewed as ineffective, yet accountants plan to use more of almost all activities. Demographic differences in attitudes and planned usage are identi- fied.     

灵活就业人员医疗保险参与及受益归属——基于逆向选择和正向分配效应的双重检验

当前,灵活就业人员医疗保险发展不充分与不平衡的问题格外突出,这不仅会制约医保制度公平性与可持续能力的提高,同时会阻碍经济社会的全面、协调和可持续发展。本文运用中国劳动力动态调查数据(CLDS),研究灵活就业人员参加医保的决定因素以及受益归属,从而为新时期医保制度顶层设计提供决策依据。结果表明:一方面,无论是在参保决策还是险种决策阶段,灵活就业人员的健康风险显著正向影响参保状态,说明逆向选择效应显著存在;另一方面,低收入的参保人利用了更多优质的医疗服务,获得了更多的医保基金补偿,并显著改善了健康状况,因此医保发挥了积极的正向分配作用。但是过高的保障水平,在改善医疗可及性的同时会激发道德风险,从而加剧逆向选择问题并阻碍正向分配效应,对更加公平可持续医保制度的建立造成负面影响。     

Health-related ad information and health motivation effects on product evaluations

This study tests the effect of health-related ad information on perceived product healthfulness and purchase intention. Also, the study investigates whether consumers' health motivation moderates the effects, because of the way health motivation affects processing of health-related information in ads. Three types of health-related ad elements are distinguished: functional claims, process claims and health imagery. These elements were combined in mock ads and an online experiment was run to test the study hypotheses. Results show that health imagery has the largest impact on consumers' product evaluations, while functional claims and process claims have much smaller effects. Health motivation shows significant interaction with process claims on product evaluations.     

Should retailers encourage couples to shop together?

Many purchase decisions take place in social relationships, and yet few studies have specifically investigated couples’ purchase decisions made during shopping about products for later joint consumption. We hypothesize that romantic partners purchase more when they shop together than individually and that this effect is strong for vice products, particularly those without an organic label. For our empirical study, we asked romantic partners shopping together in a real-life context to make purchase decisions together or individually (our main experimental condition) in a self-programmed web store that offered 88 product variants (differing in category [vice/virtue] and labeling [with/without organic label]). Participants then filled out an online questionnaire on site. Results of a sequence of nested generalized linear models show that making purchase decisions together increases purchase amount (number of items selected) and purchase value (quantities selected multiplied by the corresponding willingness to pay), especially for vice products without organic labeling. In a second study, we benchmark these effects by comparing them with the effects of individual decision making and varying consumption mode (joint vs. individual consumption), using data from an online survey that followed the same structure as the main study. These effects, again estimated through generalized linear models, are negligible. Our findings strongly support the “accomplice” (rather than the “minder”) role of romantic partners in shopping. Therefore, retailers should target couples, encourage them to shop together, and emphasize joint consumption as a shopping goal.     

Enlarging the Pie vs. Increasing One's Slice: An Analysis of the Relationship Between Generic and Brand Advertising

Marketing Letters - Generic advertising promotes the general qualities of a product category and, therefore, benefits all firms—regardless of who has contributed to the campaign (e.g....     

Cross-category variation in customer satisfaction and retention

Perceived quality, expectations, customer satisfaction, and effect of customer satisfaction on repurchase likelihood are found to be higher for products than for services, but repurchase likelihood for products is lower. Retailers have the highest repurchase likelihood and score lowest on the other variables. A set of relevant category characteristics is used to further understand variation in both the levels of these variables and their relationships. Quality, expectations, satisfaction, and satisfaction's effect on repurchase are higher — and repurchase likelihood is lower — when competition, differentiation, involvement, or experience is high and when switching costs, difficulty of standardization, or ease of evaluating quality is low.The author gratefully acknowledges the data provided through the funding of the Swedish Post Office and the support of the National Quality Research Center at the University of Michigan Business School. This research has benefitted from the comments of Claes Fornell, Michael D. Johnson, Donald R. Lehmann, Mary Sullivan, and participants in the Customer Satisfaction Workshop at the University of Michigan Business School.     

“Natural” and “Fresh”: An Analysis of Food Label Claims in Internationally Packaged Foods in Singapore

Food claims invite controversies on account of their potential to mislead consumers while at times masquerading as health information devices. In the United States, Europe, and Australia/New Zealand, scholars have extensively studied the prevalence of food claims, the regulatory repercussions, and effects of such claims on consumers’ food perceptions and dietary choices. Our study is an attempt to address a gap in related research focused on Asia by situating the inquiry in Singapore where consumers are exposed to a wide variety of such claims due to the universality of food imports. This study examines the state of food claims by the food product’s region of origin, and focus specifically on the use of terms “natural” and “fresh” on food labels. We present recommendations for food marketing policymakers and practitioners.     

美国FDA食品安全现代化法案解读与评析

对美国2011年初出台的《FDA食品安全现代化法案》进行了解读和评析,介绍了该法案的修法背景、立法目的和适用范围,以及对现行食品安全法律《联邦食品药品化妆品法》的主要修改和新设立的法律制度与措施,分析了美国进口食品安全监管新举措对我国输美食品生产企业和相关行业的影响。建议密切跟踪FDA食品安全现代化法案的实施情况和配套法规的制定进程,深入研究并积极应对美国第三方审核认可制度,系统评估美国进口食品安全监管新举措对我国可能造成的影响,学习借鉴美国现代化食品的安全监管理念和科学的法律制度设计。     

叠加训练序列的判决指导信道估计方法

针对实际应用中信道先验信息未知时无法求解信道相关矩阵的问题,提出了一种改进的叠加训练序列的判决指导信道估计方法。该方法利用每次迭代的信道估计值求解信道相关矩阵。推导了该方法中信道相关矩阵的求解公式。仿真结果表明,在未知信道先验信息的情况下,与利用信道先验信息的叠加训练序列的信道估计方法相比,改进方法取得了与之几乎一样的性能,因此改进方法更适用于实际应用。