出口技术复杂度升级对工资差距的影响:基于我国省级动态面板数据的系统GMM分析

笔者通过构建省级层面的出口技术水平指数,采用省级面板数据和系统GMM方法,实证检验了我国制造业各省级区域2002-2012年资本和劳动密集偏向型产业的出口技术复杂度对熟练与非熟练劳动力工资差距的关系。结果表明:1.2002-2012年,我国制造业各省级区域资本和劳动密集偏向型产业的出口技术复杂度都在不断地升级,但没有Rodrik测度的那么高;2.资本和劳动密集偏向型产业的出口技术复杂度升级均显著地增加了熟练劳动力的相对需求以及工资收入,从而增加了制造业熟练与非熟练劳动力的工资差距;3.外商直接投资也能显著地扩大其相对工资差距,而区域开放程度则显著减少了我国熟练劳动力的工资份额。     

非均衡贸易发展、技术进步与工资差距——基于中国地区面板数据的实证研究

理论上,技术进步可以是一个和贸易开放并行影响工资差距的重要因素。本文构建计量模型探讨中国非均衡贸易发展、技术进步与地区间工资差距之间的关系,结果表明中国地区间非均衡发展的对外贸易(尤其是外商直接投资)是造成地区间工资差距扩大的主导因素,而技能偏向型技术进步机制并不凸显。引导技术进步偏向于高技能劳动,提高贸易产品的技术含量,将成为贸易结构升级以及缩小工资差距的根本路径。     

基于威尔逊系数的我国制造业收入差距与FDI关系探讨

改革开放以来,尤其是加入WTO以来,中国经济快速稳定发展,投资环境日趋完善,吸引外商直接投资(FDI)逐年增加。与此同时,中国的地区间、城乡间和行业间的收入差距也在不断拉大。在吸引外资的众多行业中,制造业是其中率先开放的行业,也是吸引外商直接投资最活跃的领域。在制造业引进外资并获得快速扩张的同时,制造业收入差距会更直接更显著地受FDI影响。所以研究外商直接投资对制造业收入①水平的变化、对制造业的行业内部收入差距变化以及整个经济福利变化的影响,具有理论与现实的意义。本文使用威尔逊系数探讨制造业收入差距问题,发现FDI的持续投入会使制造业收入差距呈倒U变化趋势,通过分析得出从长期来看FDI对制造业收入差距具有缩小作用的结论。     

外商对华直接投资贸易结核效应的区域差异性检验

通过建立动态PanelData模型来分别考察外商对华直接投资对中国东、中、西部地区贸易结构的动态效应。实证结果表明,外商对华直接投资对我国不同地区的影响存在着显著差异,外商直接投资对东部地区出口贸易结构效应的影响是最显著的,西部地区次之,中部地区最弱。根据实证检验结果,要提升外商直接投资在我国中西部地区的出口贸易结构效应,加强中西部地区的“硬”、“软”环境建设,优化这两个地区外商直接投资的产业结构并提升所吸引外商直接投资的质量。     

贸易开放、市场化改革与中国地区收入差异

本文通过VAR模型同时考察了贸易开放、市场化改革与中国地区收入差异之间的关系。实证发现对外开放会扩大区域差距,市场化改革会相对缩小这一差距。不同区域间发展不平衡的贸易开放和市场化改革使得区域收入差距加剧,而大力提升中西部地区的对外开放水平和市场化进程是缩小区域收入差异的有效途径。     

FDI对长三角制造业收入差距影响的实证分析

跨国公司对外投资的区位不平衡性影响着各地区的经济发展差异,是否也是形成地区内行业间收入差距的重要原因?文章利用长三角地区两省一市的数据,以制造业为例,运用固定效应模型对长三角地区外资对制造业收入差距的影响进行了实证分析。实证结果表明,长三角地区外商直接投资的行业分布对其制造业收入差距起到了缩小作用,而外贸和内资则起着拉大收入差距的效果。     

贸易自由化对性别工资差距的影响研究述评

根据传统的H-O理论和S-S理论,随着各国之间贸易的不断深入,非熟练劳动力和熟练劳动力的工资差距将逐渐缩小 目前,国外学者高度关注对外贸易对国内收入差距、工资差距的影响,并做了大量的学术研究,同时这一课题也是世界各国政府和组织机构高度关注的焦点在国际主流研究中,主要存在两种截然不同的观点:开放贸易导致性别工资差距扩大以及开放贸易导致性别工资差距缩小就中国国情而言,研究对外贸易对中国性别工资差距的影响是一件十分紧迫而重要的工作.     

贸易开放对我国劳动力工资差距的影响——基于1998～2010年区域面板数据的实证分析

文章基于1998～2010年28个省市的面板数据,采用动态面板模型和固定效应模型,分别从全国层面和区域分组层面研究了贸易开放对我国高技能劳动力和低技能劳动力工资差距的影响。研究结果表明:贸易开放、出口开放、进口开放都会显著地扩大我国劳动力工资差距,但同时也表现出较大的地区差异性。出口开放在东部地区会显著的缩小劳动力工资差距,而在中部和西部地区会显著的扩大劳动力工资差距;进口开放在东部和中部地区会显著的扩大劳动力工资差距,在西部地区则无显著的影响。     

外商直接投资、劳动力异质性与农村剩余劳动力转移——基于新古典一般均衡拓展模型的分析

针对二元劳动力市场分割和特殊的转型经济背景,本文将外商直接投资、人力资本和农村剩余劳动力同时纳入新古典一般均衡的分析框架.理论分析表明,外商直接投资通过提高农村剩余劳动力的边际收益和改变高、低素质剩余劳动力的供给量,从而改变劳动力市场的供需均衡水平.进一步的实证研究发现,外商直接投资对农村剩余劳动力的转移就业具有显著的正向促进作用,但东部地区外商直接投资的就业吸纳作用要明显大于中西部地区.人力资本对农村剩余劳动力转移的影响效应具有明显的“U型”曲线特征,东部地区异质型人力资本的“门槛值”为7.46年,而中西部地区相应的“门槛值”为5.88年.在经济转型的现实背景下,充分利用外资产业梯度转移的战略机遇和发挥“干中学效应”加快人力资本积累,将是中国在未来解决农村剩余劳动力就业问题和实施劳动力资源“二次开发”的必然选择.     

我国对外开放对收入差距的影响——基于东中西部的实证研究

本文对2001-2012年27个省市的面板数据进行整理计算,得到衡量收入差距水平的基尼系数,并进一步研究对外开放程度对收入差距的影响。发现对外开放程度越高,如东部地区的收入差距越大;相反,对外开放却有助于缩小中西部地区的两极分化。因此,东部地区在开放的过程中要合理有效地选用外资和技术,促进产业结构的优化,制定符合我国要素禀赋的技术发展路线。中西部地区则要进一步扩大对外开放的程度,积极发展外向型经济。     

参与全球价值链对我国工资差距的影响——基于分工位置角度的分析

本文采用下游度指标刻画行业参与全球价值链的嵌入位置, 首次从价值链分工位置角度考察其对我国不同技能劳动力之间工资差距的影响. 对1995-2009年间面板数据进行实证分析后发现, 参与全球价值链后, 我国多数行业的分工位置越来越接近初始投入品阶段, 分工位置下滑导致不同技能劳动力之间的工资差距扩大, 在价值链嵌入位置50分位以上, 熟练劳动力之间的工资差距扩大更快, 而在50分位以下, 非熟练劳动力之间的工资差距扩大更快.     

Foreign Direct Investment,Productivity, Demand for Skilled Labour and Wage Inequality: An Analysis of Uruguay

This study seeks to identify the causal effects of foreign ownership on productivity, the demand for skilled labour and wage inequality. With this aim, we use differences‐in‐differences techniques for a panel of Uruguayan manufacturing firms in the period 1997–2005. Our results seem to indicate that FDI causes higher productivity and increased demand for skilled labour. Furthermore, although average wages are higher in foreign‐owned firms than in domestic ones, the wage gap between skilled and unskilled workers is wider. It follows that promoting foreign investment enhances productivity. In addition, due to the greater demand for skilled workers, policies such as training schemes would be conducive to raising productivity still further, while other social policies could help to mitigate the wage inequality effects.     

国际产品内贸易对中国收入分配的效应研究——基于中国工业行业数据的经验分析

采用中国35个工业行业的面板数据,检验国际产品内贸易对中国行业内部熟练劳动力和非熟练劳动力收入分配的效应。研究表明:现阶段,与技术进步相比,国际产品内贸易并不是造成中国收入差距拉大的重要影响因素;同时,由于中国熟练劳动力要素禀赋的相对缺乏,国际产品内贸易发生的行业要素密集度不同,对收入分配的影响也不同,其中劳动密集型和资本密集型行业内不同性质劳动者的收入差距会缩小,而技术密集型及兼具资本密集型和技术密集型的行业内收入差距则会拉大。     

FDI与地方政府财政支出结构的关系研究——基于中国东、中、西部地区29个省市区面板数据

利用中国大陆29个省市区1999—2004年的数据,研究东、中、西部地区FDI与地方政府财政投资性支出和消费性支出的关系,结果表明:东部地区的政府财政消费性支出与FDI呈正向关系,投资性支出与FDI呈负向关系,都呈"U"型特征;中部地区的政府财政消费性支出与FDI呈正相关关系,呈倒"U"型特征,而投资性支出与FDI呈负相关关系,呈"U"型特征;西部地区的政府财政消费性支出与FDI呈负相关关系,呈"U"型特征,投资性支出与FDI呈正相关关系,呈倒"U"型特征。     

Foreign direct investment and wages: a cross-country analysis

While globalization has led to overall economic growth in a number of countries, questions abound on its distributional effects, especially on rising wage inequality across nations. The main objective of this study is to investigate empirically the effects of foreign direct investment (FDI) on wages in a cross-country setting. We investigate the general equilibrium propositions that capital inflows (outflows) increase (lower) wages in host (home) countries due to the change in relative factor endowments. We also explore whether capital inflows have differential impacts on skilled and unskilled wages in developing economies. Time-series data on 26 countries, 15 developed and 11 developing, are used to fit the labour share equation derived from a translog GNP function with net FDI stock as one of its arguments. Results confirm that capital movement brings about a cross-country convergence of wages. However, there is some evidence that inward FDI flows increase the wage gap between skilled and unskilled workers in developing countries.     

资本品进口、资本技能互补与中国的相对工资差距

中国是资本品净进口国,资本品进口引致资本积累并通过资本与技能互补效应增加对熟练劳动力的相对需求,是影响熟练劳动力与非熟练劳动力之间相对工资差距的一个重要机制。文章实证检验了资本品进口与中国熟练劳动力的互补效应及其对中国相对工资差距的影响。研究结论表明：资本与技能互补效应在中国长期存在,资本品进口促进了中国的资本积累,并通过资本与技能互补效应提高了熟练劳动力的边际产出,增加了对熟练劳动力的相对需求,扩大了相对工资差距。然而,劳动力的相对数量效应和相对效率效应对中国不断扩大的相对工资差距的解释力不强。     

Mind the Gender Wage Gap – the Impact of Trade and Competition on Sectoral Wage Differences

This paper examines differences between women’s and men’s wages in 18 selected OECD countries in the period 1970 to 2005. The study is based on 12 manufacturing sector‐ and skill‐specific sets of panel data on the gender wage gap. We apply a system generalised method of moments (GMM) estimator to the extended version of the conditional gender wage gap convergence equation, controlling for sector concentration and industry‐specific measures of openness using a difference‐in‐difference approach: trade‐affected concentrated sectors versus trade‐affected competitive sectors. The results indicate that: (i) an increase in sector concentration is associated with wage gap growth; (ii) both import and export penetration are associated with a reduction of the high‐skill gender wage gap growth in concentrated industries; (iii) there is evidence of a widening impact of trade on the medium and low‐skill occupational gender wage gap growth in less competitive industries; (iv) institutional regulations of the labour market have an impact on the development of the gender wage gap: for highly‐skilled labour an increase in labour market regulation raises the growth of the gender wage gap, while for medium‐ and low‐skilled workers, it lowers it.     

Economic Reform,Skill Formation and Foreign Capital

Does trade liberalisation promote skill formation and positively influence the inflow of foreign capital in an economy? How do incentives offered to foreign capital affect skill formation and skilled‐unskilled wage inequality? Is liberalisation of agricultural exports counterproductive to skill formation and foreign capital inflow in the economy? We try to capture these relationships between foreign capital and skill formation in a small open economy facing various exogenous shocks. Among other results, we show that import liberalisation increases skill formation and the inflow of foreign capital in the country. We explore the evolving state of the skilled‐unskilled wage gap in a regime of greater skill formation.     

Who Supports Free Trade in Latin America?

This paper examines individual trade policy preferences across 17 countries in Latin America. The focus is on whether skilled or unskilled workers are more likely to support liberalised trade and on whether country characteristics, such as factor endowments, alter the preferences of skilled and unskilled workers. Based on the standard Heckscher‐Ohlin model and the Stolper‐Samuelson theorem, wage inequality in developing countries will decrease under free trade and unskilled workers will benefit. We find that on average skilled workers are more likely than unskilled workers to support free trade in Latin American countries. Separate country regressions reveal that this pattern is only statistically significant in 8 out of 17 Latin American countries. However, there are no countries in our sample in which unskilled workers are statistically more likely to support free trade than skilled workers, not even in the lowest skill‐endowed country in the sample. We also find that people from Latin American countries with higher GDP, faster growth, more cropland and a longer period of time since reform were more likely on average to support free trade.     

FDI and the skill premium in a North–South global economy

The effect of FDI from North to South countries on the skill premium of both groups of countries is examined. The lower wage of unskilled labor in the South induces the Northern firms to shift the unskilled labor intensive production processes in the South. FDI occurs in an unskilled labor intensive activity, but in a skill-intensive sector. It is shown that this leads to an increase in the skill premium of skilled labor in both North and South.