论反倾销立法中正常价值的合理确定

正常价值是反倾销法律制度中的一个极为重要的概念 ,它是决定受诉的进口产品是否构成倾销的基本价格。新颁布的《中华人民共和国反倾销条例》对正常价值的规定显得过于原则和概括 ,可操作性不强 ,不利于对其进行准确确定。文中试图通过对我国反倾销立法与WTO反倾销守则 ,欧盟、美国反倾销立法的比较研究而对我国反倾销立法中有关正常价值的合理确定作一探析。     

基于会计举证的反倾销会计抗辩

在反倾销诉讼中,除了它的法律框架外,财务与会计是很重要的内容。当反倾销调查发起之后,调查机关与有关当事企业为了证明出口企业是否存在倾销和确定倾销的幅度,迅速地卷入了一场关于产品成本与价格的会计论争之中,在某种意义上,反倾销不是普通的法律诉讼,而是发生在既定的法律程序之下的会计数     

反倾销正常价值的认定对会计信息质量特征的要求

在倾销与反倾销调查中,正常价值往往是反倾销发起方和应诉方双方斗争的焦点,它不仅关系到倾销是否存在的认定,而且当认定倾销存在的情况下,倾销幅度也需要通过正常价值与出口价格比较来认定,这关系到出口方被征反倾销税的数额及日后进入该国市场的可承受的价格.倾销幅度的计算公式是:倾销幅度=(正常价值-出口价格)/出口价格×100%,出口价格由于可以根据通关时海关的记录客观地取得,正常价值就是惟一的影响因素了.     

反倾销正常价值的认定对会计信息质量特征的要求

在倾销与反倾销调查中，正常价值往往是反倾销发起方和应诉方双方斗争的焦点，它不仅关系到倾销是否存在的认定，而且当认定倾销存在的情况下，倾销幅度也需要通过正常价值与出口价格比较来认定，这关系到出口方被征反倾销税的数额及日后进入该国市场的可承受的价格。倾销幅度的计算公式是：倾销幅度=(正常价值-出口价格)／出口价格&;#215;100％，出口价格由于可以根据通关时海关的记录客观地取得，正常价值就是惟一的影响因素了。     

反倾销中的会计成本运用初探

众所周知,反倾销并不是贸易方式问题,其核心是价格,而价格的根本是成本问题.因此,决定价格的产品成本是反倾销中的核心问题.其核心之所在是因为在成本价格的基础上加上一定的附加价值即为销售价格,对外销售价格是否低于国内销售价格,是否低于成本价格是确定倾销成立与否的基本依据,因此,企业反倾销案件应诉主要是围绕涉及成本方面而展开的国际诉讼.     

反倾销中的会计成本运用初探

众所周知，反倾销并不是贸易方式问题。其核心是价格，而价格的根本是成本问题。因此，决定价格的产品成本是反倾销中的核心问题。其核心之所在是因为在成本价格的基础上加上一定的附加价值即为销售价格，对外销售价格是否低于国内销售价格．是否低于成本价格是确定倾销成立与否的基本依据．因此，企业反倾销案件应诉主要是围绕涉及成本方面而展开的国际诉讼。     

基于反倾销应诉的会计准则国际差异分析

国际反倾销法中对企业采用会计准则的要求虽不尽相同,但在反倾销调查中都将企业会计准则作为一个重要的考虑因素。再从倾销判定的规则来看,出口价格是否低于正常价值是判定倾销是否成立的重要条件,而出口产品成本是出口价格的一个重要组成部分,产品的成本计算都将直接影响到被调查产品的正常价值乃至于最终     

民营企业反倾销应诉与会计准则国际趋同

<正>随着企业经营的国际化,反倾销将成为一项持续的工作。面对倾销与反倾销,各国逐步认识到了会计准则国际趋同的必要性。为此,我国于2006年颁布了新会计准则体系,这对反倾销应诉产生了积极作用。下面笔者将分别分析新、旧会计准则对我国反倾销应诉的影响。一、旧会计准则对反倾销应诉的不利影响出口产品是否给进口国造成倾销,或者倾销幅度的裁定,与会计核算相关的就是产品成本费用的确定,而产品成本费用的确定主要与资产计价、支出资本化还是费用化的处理,资产的折旧和摊销的方法选择等有关。     

WTO与中国应对国际反倾销对策

一、解读WTO反倾销协议 在WTO中,将倾销定义为:一国产品以低于"正常价值"的价格出口到另一国,并对进口国相关工业造成了损害.在判断损害或是否有损害威胁时,主要分析两个因素:第一,大量倾销是否造成国内相同产品的价格下降,或因大量进口而阻止了国内相同产品价格的上升;第二,由于倾销商品大量进口而对国内相同产品的生产造成严重影响,具体为判断国内相同产品的产量、销售、市场份额、利润、生产率、投资收益或设备能力的实际或可能的下降,对企业现金流量、就业、提高资本或投资能力的实际和可能的影响等.     

论反倾销应诉中成本会计信息系统的构建

近年来,反倾销作为一种贸易保护手段在国际上形成了一种浪潮。在西方国家对我国提起的反倾销案中,大多数国家都认为我国出口产品的正常价格与替代国产品价格不具有可比性,这种计算倾销幅度的方式致使我国一些没有倾销行为的产品或仅为轻微倾销幅度的产品被裁定为倾销或存在高幅度倾销,从而被征收高额反倾销税,这给我国企业带来了巨大的冲击。在反倾销应诉中,我国成本核算中的许多行为已成为成功应对反倾销的一个主要障碍,可以说要想赢得反倾销战的胜利,成本会计信息发挥着极为关键的作用。因此必须构建反倾销成本会计信息系统,发挥国家、行业协会、企业在构建反倾销成本会计核算体系中的作用。     

显失公允的倾销幅度裁定过程探析

倾销幅度测算是裁定倾销以及实施反倾销措施的依据和基础。将正常价值和出口价格进行比较从而确定倾销幅度的过程,看似简单,实则复杂而繁琐。测算过程中每个阶段的不同操作,都会导致完全不同的测算结果,而不同的结果又会对出口企业的利益产生重大的影响。因此,为掌握反倾销规则以实例分析了美国在进行倾销幅度测算时的具体做法。     

The effects of promotional package frames and price strategies on inaction inertia

Inaction inertia is the phenomenon in which people are less likely to accept a less attractive opportunity after having missed a relatively more attractive one. Previous studies have mainly explored the inaction inertia effect on single products or services, whereas this study explored how the promotional frames of sales packages influence inaction inertia toward the individual items within the sales packages and the inaction inertia effect of the target product under different price strategies. On the basis of the cost assignments of mental accounting and comparisons of the current inferior promotion with missed superior promotion, this study found evidence that when consumers encounter a freebie (bundle) condition, they assign a higher cost to the focal (supplementary) product and a lower cost to the supplementary (focal) product. Therefore, consumers who have missed a freebie (bundle) promotion exhibit lower (higher) inaction inertia toward the focal product, but higher (lower) inaction inertia toward the supplementary product. Applying a similar internal mechanism to pricing strategies, the findings also show that when consumers encounter a two‐component sales package with a surcharge promotion using a partitioned price (vs. a price discount promotion using an all‐inclusive price), they assign a higher cost to the base product and a lower cost to the surcharge. So, consumers who have missed the surcharge (vs. price discount) promotion show higher inaction inertia when the surcharge of the current inferior opportunity is salient, but show less inaction inertia when it is not salient. Moreover, the percent of a surcharge as a part of the total package value moderates the impact of promotional price strategy frames on inaction inertia. These findings have significant implications for both theoreticians and practitioners interested in inaction inertia, promotional frames, and price strategies.     

An Ethical and Legal Synthesis of Dumping: Growing Concerns in International Marketing

International law holds that a firm is dumping if its foreign price is either below its domestic price or below its marginal cost. Domestic firms often claim that a low-cost foreign firm is engaged in a long run strategy to destroy the domestic industry and harm domestic consumers. Dumping is a permanent feature of marketing strategies of numerous companies, and anti-dumping complaints are increasingly resorted to as a defensive instrument to stop the challengers. This article offers a synthesis of ethical and legal issues involved and relates them to marketing concerns in international operations. What is the current state of dumping legislation? What concern over personal ethics should a manager have? Using teleological and deontological philosophies of ethics the argument is made that the marketing manager who set very low prices for an international market is not behaving unethically.     

投资决策的期权方法

根据投资的不可逆性和延期投资的可能性,认为投资机会是有价值的,这个价值是投资的机会成本。如果考虑投资机会的价值,投资者作出投资决策的原则是:只有当净现值大于投资机会的价值时,才可以进行投资。贴现率、投资成本、产品价格在未来上升的概率和下降的幅度对投资决策有影响。     

从欧美反倾销实践谈我国企业的对策

近年来,世界范围内的对华反倾销愈演愈烈,甚至有人断言,今后10-20年将是对华反倾销的高峰期,而欧盟与美国等国家和地区则是对华实施反倾销最多的国家。围绕欧美国家反倾销实践,针对我国企业的实际情况,必须采取应对措施,才能维护良好的中欧、中美的经济贸易。     

Naïve theories of price: A developmental model

A model of the development of naïve theories of price is presented and tested. The criterion used to account for price variations within a product category is product features at age five, product features and quality at age ten, product quality and buyer utility at age thirteen, and a combination of supply considerations and buyer utility/demand in adulthood. Five-year-olds do not justify their use of product features as a price criterion; however, older respondents all justify their price criterion by referring to a source of value. At age ten, variation in the amount of manufacturing inputs is the source of value which justifies the use of product features as a price criterion; at age thirteen, variations in the quality of manufacturing inputs justify the use of product quality as a price criterion; and in adulthood, relative scarcity and buyer preferences justify the use of cost and demand as price criteria.     

Product Heterogeneity and Cost Allocations in Contingent Trade Protection

The WTO allows members to impose contingent protection, including anti‐dumping duties, within agreed constraints. Anti‐dumping proceedings typically name a single captioned product but include large numbers of individual products within that caption. The inclusion of multiple products creates a variety of issues for both anti‐dumping and other contingent protection measures, issues that have been prominent in national actions and WTO dispute settlements, but have been largely ignored in research. This work focuses on the most important such area, the allocation of costs among products in anti‐dumping proceedings. We develop a comprehensive economic analysis for cost allocation issues, and couple it with the accounting tools that must be used for its implementation, to derive the first‐best allocation methods for anti‐dumping purposes. These results have direct relevance in other contingent trade contexts, such as injury determinations and subsidy pass‐through analysis.     

矫枉何须过正--评美国《2000年持续性倾销与补贴补偿法》

2000年底，美国国会通过了《持续性倾销与补贴补偿法》(CDSOA)，依据该法，海关征收的反倾销、反补贴税将以补偿的形式分配给受影响的国内生产者。CDSOA借维护公平贸易之名，行保护主义之实，不但缺乏经济上的合理性，也违背了美国依WT0协定承担的国际义务，从而引起了各国的声讨。     

我国频频招致反倾销诉讼原因新论

2001年以来国外对华反倾销数据表明，我国在反倾销问题上的处境在我国加入WTO后日益严峻，尤其是近几年这种状况不仅没有缓解反而愈演愈烈。许多学者都从不同的角度做了解释。但笔者认为这一现象背后的根本原因是国际经济发展的不平衡性，并由此引发了一系列问题。因此要解决反倾销问题，我们应采用内外结合的措施，以内为主，以外为辅。其次，还应处理好经济发展与国外对华反倾销的关系。针对我国的反倾销诉讼在一定程度上也反映出我国在发展中的缺陷。     

Cyclical dumping: The case of steel products

Recently a number of studies have argued that foreign steel manufacturers use their export prices in relation to their domestic prices to smooth out fluctuations in home market demand. This phenomenon is called cyclical dumping. It is shown that the price discriminating monopolist model explains dumping, but its predictions with respect to cyclical dumping are ambiguous. Tests are performed for the United States, Japan and the European Community for each of three representative steel products. At conventional significance levels, the cyclical dumping hypothesis is rejected in all cases.