中国企业实施“走出去”战略中的几个关键问题

利用两种资源,开拓两个市场是我国企业提高竞争力的一个重要途径。改革开放的新形势要求我国企业跨出国门,从事国际化经营．为了降低国际化经营的风险,获得良好的经营收益,企业必须对国际化经营的产品、国际化经营的市场、进入国际市场的方式以及国际化扩展的速度作出正确的选择．     

企业国际化经营与市场进入方式选择

正确选择市场进入方式是企业国际化经营的关键。决定企业进入市场方式选择的因素是复杂的、多种多样的,进入企业的资源禀赋、产品结构、信息结构、技术水平以及拟进入的市场容量、市场结构、贸易政策等都是进入决策函数的重要变量,同时还要根据企业国际化经营的广度与深度,及时进行市场进入方式的转换与演进。     

国际市场进入方式决策模型研究

随着经济全球化步伐的加快和信息技术的飞速发展,越来越多企业从事国际化经营。企业国际化经营在很大程度上取决于进入国际市场的方式。根据决策理论学派的观点建立国际市场进入方式决策循环过程模型,在此基础上分析了国际市场进入方式的影响因素,并构建一个较为全面的国际市场进入方式综合决策模型。在操作层面上,拟用模糊数学的方法提出了国际市场进入方式的识别模式,以期为企业实施国际化经营战略提供指导。     

中小企业国际化经营战略选择探讨

随着世界经济一体化进程的加快,中小企业国际化经营已成为当前经济环境下的必然选择,而企业国际化经营战略的选择更是企业进入国际市场成败的关键。分析了中小企业国际化经营的必然性,并对我国中小企业开展国际化经营存在的问题做了梳理,在此基础上,提出了我国中小企业在国际化经营过程中的战略选择。     

中小企业国际化经营实例剖析

国际化是我国企业共同面临的重大课题，相对于大企业而言，中小企业的力量薄弱，但是仍有为数不少的中小企业，成功地进行了国际化的尝试。本文通过对一个汽车零配件生产企业的国际化经营历程进行介绍和分析，对中小企业国际化经营中的企业家精神、产业选择、进入模式等问题进行了探讨。     

特许经营:我国企业国际化经营的新选择

目前,特许经营已经在世界范围内得到了迅速发展,而国内不少学者仅仅是将特许经营作为一种商业模式,对于特许经营的理论基础、特许经营与国际化经营之间关系的研究并不多见。本文从市场进入模式的角度论述了我国企业通过特许经营开展国际化经营的重大意义,为我国企业全面实施“走出去”战略,提供了新的战略选择。     

我国企业进入国际市场的战略分析

国际化经营是经济全球化的基础,随着全球经济一体化发展,企业国际市场进入战略的选择问题受到了越来越多的关注.我国实行改革开放以后,尤其是在加入世界贸易组织的推动下,越来越多的企业进入了国际市场,开始了国际化经营.文章阐述了我国企业国际市场进入的现状,分析了我国企业进入国际市场的战略选择问题,并分别从政府和企业的角度对我国企业提出了政策建议.     

中国文化企业国际市场进入方式探析

随着世界经济的发展和科技的进步,越来越多的中国文化企业从事国际化经营活动。文化企业国际市场进入方式的选择是企业国际化战略的核心部分。文章分析了代表性中国文化企业进入国际市场可采用的进入方式;在此基础上,得出结论与启示,指出了企业应该采取灵活有效的国际市场进入方式。     

中国文化企业国际市场进入方式探析

随着世界经济的发展和科技的进步,越来越多的中国文化企业从事国际化经营活动。文化企业国际市场进入方式的选择是企业国际化战略的核心部分。文章分析了代表性中国文化企业进入国际市场可采用的进入方式;在此基础上,得出结论与启示,指出了企业应该采取灵活有效的国际市场进入方式。     

我国石油企业国际化进入策略研究

石油企业实施跨国经营,是我国国内油气资源解决供求矛盾的必然选择,也是维护和保障国家经济安全的必由之路。本文以国际化战略管理的基本理论为基础,分析了各种国际化进入策略的优缺点,针对我国石油企业面临的国际环境,确定目标市场,提出我国石油企业国际化经营的进入策略。     

Host country’s environmental uncertainty,technological capability,and foreign market entry mode: Evidence from high-end equipment manufacturing MNEs in emerging markets

The paper investigates the impact of the host country’s environmental uncertainty on the choice of entry mode and also discusses the moderating role of technological heterogeneity in this relationship. Based on the resource-based view and institutional theory framework, we first analyze the investment motivation of emerging industries in emerging markets and evaluate the environmental uncertainty from two dimensions, including the institutional environment (country level) and industry environment (market level). Then, the theoretical predictions are empirically tested using 173 overseas investment events in China’s high-end equipment sector from 2010-2018. Our findings suggest that when the uncertainty of the industry environment is low, no matter how uncertain is the institutional environment, most firms tend to choose a cooperative strategy. Once the industry environment indicators become turbulent, a high degree of institutional environment uncertainty causes firms to evade trade barriers by choosing a new plant. Alternatively, choosing a relatively conservative mode, such as export. Meanwhile, technological capability weakens the influence of environmental uncertainty on entry mode.     

International new ventures as “small multinationals”: The importance of marketing capabilities

This paper explores how marketing capabilities contribute to the international expansion of international new ventures, and influence their choice of entry mode. The study examines how marketing capabilities help international new ventures to use entry modes involving higher resource commitment in international markets. The proposed model was tested on country-level data from Spain. The results show that marketing capabilities contribute to a firm's decision to choose entry modes involving higher resource commitment in foreign markets. The paper also includes insights on antecedents of international new ventures’ choice of entry modes in foreign markets.     

Editorial

This article examines the moderating effect of institutional distance on the relation between personal experiences of chief executive officers (CEOs) and entry mode choice. Hypotheses are tested with data on 156 foreign direct investments made by west-European multinational enterprises in 10 central and eastern European economies in the 1992–2002 period of transition. Two demographic features are examined: CEOs’ age and international experience. The results provide support for the theory that the impact of CEOs’ experiences on the entry mode choice is conditional on the institutional distance between home and host countries.     

Entry mode choice of Chinese enterprises: The impacts of country risk, cultural distance and their interactions

Recent years have witnessed a phenomenal growth in the number of Chinese enterprises “going global.” Drawing on three leading theoretical perspectives including the transaction cost theory, organizational capability theory and eclectic theory, this paper develops hypotheses to test how country risk and cultural distance are associated with entry mode choices of enterprises from China. Based on a sample of 167 Chinese companies, an empirical investigation has been conducted employing logistic regression and hierarchical regression analyses. Our results show that country risk and cultural distance have significant impact on entry mode choice. With the increase of country risk or cultural distance, businesses prefer non-ownership-based entry modes such as trade and licensing. However, entry mode choice is also noticeably influenced by the interaction between country risk and cultural distance, which is a new finding of international entry mode research. Furthermore, private enterprises are more likely to adopt high-involvement entry mode than the state-owned enterprises, and service enterprises are less likely to use high-involvement entry mode, which suggests that different approaches are used to deal with country risk and cultural distance by various types of enterprises.     

SME foreign market entry mode choice and foreign venture performance: The moderating effect of international experience and product adaptation

Firms’ foreign market entry mode choice attracts considerable research attention. However, the performance implications of this choice remain inconclusive, particularly in the context of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The present paper draws on the resource-based view (RBV) and develops a theoretical model specifically tailored to the context of SMEs in order to study the relationship between entry mode choice and foreign venture performance. Testing hypotheses on 133 German SMEs, we show that international experience as a resource and product adaptation as a capability improve the performance of non-equity entry modes by mitigating liabilities of smallness inherent to SMEs. We furthermore find empirical support for the joint moderating effect of international experience and product adaptation on the focal relation. Our findings contribute to the SME foreign market entry mode literature and have implications for practitioners and future research.     

旅游者旅游交通方式选择行为研究——以杭州城市旅游边缘区为例

根据在包括富阳、临安、萧山及余杭等区域在内的杭州城市旅游边缘区共计585份问卷的分析和处理,得到了前往杭州城市旅游边缘区游览的旅游者旅游交通方式选择的特征。同时,本文还通过问卷的分析和处理,认为前往杭州城市旅游边缘区游览的旅游者旅游交通方式选择受到旅游者年龄结构、旅游者家庭收入及其他相关因素的影响,并对此进行了分析。     

Competitive Features in the Provision of Consumer Credit

The sub-prime crisis has rejuvenated a public dialogue about the regulation of financial systems. This paper examines the impact of culture on the regulation of bank entry. Based on data from 53 countries, the paper's empirical estimations are inconsistent with the prediction of ‘public choice theory’, while supporting the ‘social choice view’ that cultural value has significant influence on regulatory policy and bank performance. The estimated structural model also suggests that social context can affect the formulation of cultural values across countries.     

国际市场进入模式影响因素分析

不同的因素下,跨国企业投资海外市场的模式选择也不相同。内部化理论、交易成本理论、折衷理论从不同的角度阐述了这些影响因素同国际市场进入模式选择的内在关系。同时对进入模式的影响因素进行了剖析,探讨了中国加入WTO后,在世贸组织多边贸易协议框架下的引资新策略。     

Retailers׳ expansion mode choice in foreign markets: Antecedents for expansion mode choice in the light of internationalization theories

Whenever a retail company expands its store network in a foreign market, decisions have to be made about how this can be achieved. Existing studies of retail internationalization have usually analyzed the “entry mode” choice as an end in itself, and not as the start of a firm׳s international development. In addition, there is much debate in the academic literature about the antecedents for retail foreign operation mode choice and the relevance of generic internationalization theories to international retailing. Therefore, the objectives of this research are (1) to investigate the paths of entry and subsequent expansion modes pursued by retailers in international markets and (2) to develop and test a model of expansion mode antecedents in the light of generic business internationalization theories. This is achieved on the basis of data collected from 43 French fashion retailers and a PLS-SEM approach. Results show that (1) retailers clearly differentiate between entry and expansion modes; (2) the international marketing plan, the perceived attractiveness of the foreign market, and strategic and ownership conditions are the key antecedents for the choice of an expansion mode. After comparing the results with the explanations proposed by the generic internationalization theories, a multi-theoretical framework is proposed which draws from the Uppsala internationalization process model, network theory and the born-global theory. The findings provide a wealth of information for retailers׳ use in choosing appropriate foreign operation modes.