李扬：非储备货币不应完全浮动

中国社会科学院副院长李扬发表文章指出，只有国际储备货币才能够完全浮动，因为它们可以通过完全浮动，将风险转嫁给储备货币持有国以及非储备货币国家。对于非储备国家来说，汇率水平、外汇储备水平永远达不到最优。因为这套制度是储备国家制定且有利于他们的。因此，人民币的汇率绝对不可能像国际储备货币那样完全浮动。或者说，在人民币成为一个国际储备货币之前，不能完全浮动。这也是1994年、2005年、2010年三次汇改给中国的基本启示。李扬表示，人民币国际化，如果走一条不依赖其他货币的路，风险是很大的。在国际化起步阶段，人民币和美元一定程度上挂钩，汇率水平上还保持一定的升值预期和小幅升值，这才有吸引力，而且美元是外界持有人民币的一种保证。这就要求，     

人民币成为国际储备货币与升值压力的思考

近一段时间,关于促进人民币国际化进程,或逐渐成为国际储备货币的议论浮出水面。与此同时,人民币新一轮升值压力也接踵而来,由此关于人民币国际化与升值压力的议论众说纷纭,莫衷一是。如何评价和评估人民币国际化或是成为国际储备货币与升值压力的关系,是当前中国国际金融战略需要思考的又一重要课题。     

黄金储备与人民币国际化

本文深入分析黄金储备在美欧日货币国际化中的作用,认为美国政府所持有的巨额黄金储备是美元长期维持储备货币和国际结算地位的重要基础。与此同时,欧元区国家的黄金储备是欧元成为国际储备货币的重要因素;相反,日元由于黄金储备比例较低,使得日元国际化程度较低。通过美欧日货币国际化经验,对比我国目前黄金储备水平,本文认为,我国应把增加黄金储备作为战略决策,以推动人民币国际化进程。     

人民币国际化的现实路径与机遇

随着中国经济的发展,国际影响力的提高,人民币的国际地位也随之提升,边境贸易助推人民币区域化,货币互换为增加境外人民币存量提供了制度安排,离岸中心为境外人民币提供了服务平台,人民币国际化在各个领域已经形成共识。受全球金融危机的影响,世界关键货币——美元持续疲软,国际能源价格持续下跌,给人民币国际化创造了难得的历史机遇,人民币加速国际化的呼声也越来越高涨。中国应利用人民币升值通道期,推动人民币国际结算功能实现;利用石油价格的下跌期,推动重要能源的人民币国际计价;利用中国全球贸易地位,树立人民币储备货币地位。     

浅谈人民币国际化及其衍生产品应用

随着科技的进步和社会的发展,我国国民生产水平不断提高,综合国力得到提升。然而伴随着经济全球化的发展,人民币持续升值,其使用范围不断扩张,目前在部分国家已经将人民币作为国际储备货币,其国际地位在不断上升。与此同时,随之而来的衍生产品亦得到了更为广泛的应用,不可避免的出现各个类型的风险。本文主要以人民币国家化展开探讨,并探究其衍生产品的应用现状以及发展建议。     

人民币加入SDR的影响分析

2015年11月30日,IMF宣布将人民币纳入特别提款权(SDR)篮子,新货币篮子将自2016年10月1日开始生效。IMF正式承认人民币是全球主要储备货币,与美元、欧元、日元和英镑并列,成为SDR货币篮子的第五种货币。SDR是英文特别提款权的缩写,是国际货币基金组织分配的一种可以用作IMF和其他国际组织的记账单位,它是IMF于1969年创设的一种国际储备资产,用以弥补成员国官方储备不足,其价值目前由美元、欧元、日元和英镑组成的一篮子储备货币决定。     

试论人民币升值和中国国际货币战略

人民币汇率过于偏低（购买力平价的四分之一至三分之一）不利于世界经济平衡发展。人民币升值势在必行,是经济规律所决定的。人民币升值对中国经济的积极面远大于消极面。中国有关当局要善于引导,使人民币逐渐升值,大约用20年时间解决人民币偏低的问题为宜。不久的将来,人民币有可能成为准国际储备货币,这将有助于亚洲货币经济圈的形成。     

国际货币体系改革与人民币国际化展望

2008年金融危机以后,美元虽然失去了霸主地位,但仍然在各国国际储备赁币中占较大比重.单极化的国际货币体系不利于全球经济的穗定,形成多极化的国际货币体系有利于促进全球经济的均衡发展.随着中国经济地位的进一步加强,人民币国际化并最终成为国际储备货币之一的呼声越来越大.人民币国际化是一项长期、任务艰巨的系统工程,我国应该抓住机遇稳步推进人民币国际化进程,并通过人民币国际化推动国际货币体系改革.     

浅析人民币国际化

美国次贷危机引发金融危机之后,世界经济受到重创,促使国际社会对现行的国际货币体系的合理性进行反思。随着中国在世界市场上地位的上升,有舆论猜测人民币将会成为美元的最大挑战,成为国际主要的储备货币。本文从货币国际化、资本账户和储备货币的分析角度出发,联系中国和人民币的实际发展情况,对人民币国际化问题进行了讨论并给出相应的政策建议。     

人民币升值与汇率形成机制的改革

近几年来,以美国为首的西方国家要求人民币升值的呼声一浪高过一浪,从而也掀起了人民币是否应该升值、何时升值、升值幅度等问题的讨论热潮.美国政府不断施压,中国政府从容应对,形成了一道独特的风景.2005年7月21日,中国人民银行突然宣布人民币升值2%,取得了"出其不意"的效果,而同时对人民币形成机制的改革则更引人关注.由盯住美元向参考一篮子货币转变,是人民币汇率制度改革的重要一步,其对人民币汇率制度产生什么影响,还需要时间的进一步检验.     

Does Euro or Dollar Pegging Impact the Real Exchange Rate? The Case of Oil and Commodity Currencies

The aim of this paper is to investigate the equilibrium exchange rates for commodity and oil currencies as well as the discrepancies of their observed exchange rates to these equilibriums. To this end, first, we estimate a long‐term relationship between the real effective exchange rate and economic fundamentals, including the commodity terms of trade. The estimation relies on panel cointegration techniques and covers annual data from 1980 to 2007. Our results show that real exchange rates co‐move with commodity prices in the long run and respond to oil price somewhat less than to commodity prices. Second, we assess the degree of misalignment of these currencies, as the gap between their observed exchange rate and the estimated equilibrium exchange rate. We show that these misalignments are not significantly related to the exchange rate regimes adopted by the countries, either pegged or floating. However, for pegged currencies, the size of misalignments significantly depends on the anchor currency, either the euro or the dollar. A comparison of misalignments of pegged commodity and oil currencies across different periods confirms these results: during periods of dollar (euro) overvaluation, currencies pegged to the dollar (euro) tend to be overvalued; the reverse being true when the dollar (euro) is undervalued. Consequently, pegged currencies are often driven away from their equilibria by wild fluctuations in the key currencies, on which they are anchored.     

Interdependence of Major Exchange Rates in Ghana: A Wavelet Coherence Analysis

ABSTRACT

We have employed the three-dimensional continuous Morlet wavelet transform methodology to explore the co-movement amongst the returns of four major currencies in Ghana (dollar, euro, pound, and yen) for the period May 1999 to February 2018. The analysis reveals that the dynamics of the interdependence of the currencies is time-varying and heterogeneous. Our empirical findings demonstrate that the currencies are closely linked or interconnected. The lead–lag relationships between the returns of the exchange rates established that volatilities in the euro and yen significantly affect movements in the other currencies in daily and weekly exchange rate returns. The presence of lead–lag effects and stronger co-movements at short-run fluctuations may induce arbitrage and diversification opportunities to investors, albeit with limited space. The differences in the co-movements of returns and the evidence of contagion among the foreign exchange markets provide reliable incentive to the monetary authorities for unflinching strides to halt the speeding exchange rates.     

How are Exchange Rates Managed? Evidence of an Anchor‐Based Heuristic

Central banks often intervene in the foreign exchange market to obtain desirable exchange rates. How this is done has remained totally opaque although central banks are likely to adopt a satisficing rather than optimizing strategy as they need to intervene frequently in a timely manner under incomplete information. In this paper, we propose a simple exchange rate management rule that spreads the volatilities originated from the anchor currencies among the exchange rates with the domestic currency. We test out this rule on 10 currencies and find the empirical evidence consistent with the proposed anchor‐based heuristic.     

An analysis of forward exchange rate biasedness across developed and developing country currencies: Do observed patterns persist out of sample?

Forward exchange rate unbiasedness hypothesis (FRUH) has been a widely researched subject for decades. Recently, the sample populations of these studies have expanded to include developing country currencies. The majority of these findings have been that forward rate biasedness is more pronounced for developed country currencies than it is for developing country currencies. One such paper (Frankel and Poonawala, 2010) has further suggested that this phenomenon may contradict Risk Premium Theory since developing country currencies are relatively more volatile. Our analysis first replicates the results of Frankel and Poonawala and then extends the study out of sample using an updated composition of currency classifications. The results of this extended period of analysis show that forward rate biasedness is less pronounced for developed country currencies than for developing country currencies and consequently does not establish grounds to challenge Risk Premium Theory. Furthermore, our results are consistent with another branch of literature which suggests that conflicting FRUH test results may be particular to the time period examined. It is therefore possible to speculate that period-specific factors were responsible for the results found in previous research.     

The Influences of Major Currencies in Foreign Exchange Markets: A Regression‐Based Measure and Its Application

Based on the regression explanatory power, we propose a measure of the relative influences of a group of major currencies, including the US dollar, euro, Japanese yen, and UK pound, on the exchange rate behaviors of lesser currencies. Using the measure and 27 sample floating currencies, we empirically examine the cross‐currency and temporal variations in the relative influences of two, three, and four major currencies during the 16‐year post‐euro period of 1999 to 2014.     

AMU Deviation Indicators for Coordinated Exchange Rate Policies in East Asia and their Relationships with Effective Exchange Rates

After the Asian currency crisis in 1997, the monetary authorities of East Asian countries have been strengthening their regional monetary cooperation. In this paper, we propose a deviation measurement for coordinated exchange rate policies in East Asia to enhance the monetary authorities’ surveillance process for their regional monetary cooperation. We calculate an Asian Monetary Unit (AMU) as a weighted average of East Asian currencies following the method used to calculate the European Currency Unit (ECU). Also, we calculate AMU Deviation Indicators which show how much each of the East Asian currencies deviates from a hypothetical benchmark rate in terms of the AMU. Furthermore, we investigate relationships between the AMU Deviation Indicators and the effective exchange rates, which mean international price competitiveness in terms of international trade. We found strong relationships between the AMU Deviation Indicators and the effective exchange rates except for some currencies. The results suggest that monitoring the AMU Deviation Indicator will be useful for the monetary authorities’ surveillance in East Asia in order to stabilise their effective exchange rate or price competitiveness among the East Asian countries.     

The evolution of trading activity in Asian foreign exchange markets

We exploit previously unpublished data on foreign exchange turnover to analyse the institutional setting in which the currencies of non-Japan Asia are traded. Volumes grew rapidly between 2004 and 2007 and the diversity of market participants increased. Nevertheless, liquidity is undermined by foreign exchange controls. For Asian currencies other than JPY, HKD and SGD, non-residents account for a relatively small share of activity and FX swap markets are still in their infancy. Offshore non-deliverable markets have developed in response to controls, causing segmentation in trading activity. Furthermore, Herstatt risk remains high in Asian foreign exchange markets.     

Predicting exchange rate returns

We test whether forward premiums predict spot exchange rate returns for 16 currencies. We apply a recently developed time series predictability test that allows us to model data features including heteroskedasticity in forward premium. We discover return predictability for 75% (12/16) of currencies in our sample. Trading strategies show that investors can make more profits from our proposed forward premium model compared to a random walk model and foreign exchange carry trade model.     

Currency distribution and forward cover in foreign trade: Sweden revisited, 1973

New data on currency distribution in Sweden's foreign trade payments for 1973 are presented and compared with data from an earlier survey for 1968. The basic pattern remains unchanged, invoicing being predominantly made in local currencies. The limited use of U.S. dollars, and other third-country currencies, has remained approximately the same over the five-year period, though with a marked shift from pounds to dollars and D-marks. Both the 1968 year of fixed parities and the 1973 year of floating exchange rates display a symmetric payments system, without any particular currency playing the role of ‘international money’ in private transactions. Data are also supplied for the total volume of forward transactions in Sweden from 1966–1974. As anticipated in foreign exchange theory, forward covering of trade payments has increased sharply since the floating of exchange rates in 1973.     

Before the fall: were East Asian currencies overvalued?

Two major approaches to identifying the equilibrium exchange rate are implemented. First, the concept of purchasing power parity (PPP) is tested and used to define the equilibrium real exchange rate for the Hong Kong dollar, Indonesian rupiah, Korean won, Malaysian ringgit, Philippine peso, Singapore dollar, New Taiwanese dollar and the Thai baht. The calculated PPP rates are then used to evaluate whether these seven East Asian currencies were overvalued. A variety of econometric techniques and price deflators are used. As of May 1997, the HK$, baht, ringgit and peso were overvalued according to this criterion. The evidence is mixed regarding the Indonesian rupiah and NT$. Second, a monetary model of exchange rates, augmented by a proxy variable for productivity trends, is estimated for five currencies. An overvaluation for the rupiah and baht is indicated, although only in the latter case is the overvaluation substantial (17%). The won, Singapore dollar and especially the NT$ appear undervalued according to these models.