个体异质性、预期与公共品自愿供给——来自中国的经济学实验证据

文章基于Fischbacher和Gachter（2010）实验方法,以中国被试为研究对象,探讨了个体社会偏好异质性、预期形成方式,以及两者对公共品自愿供给的影响。研究发现,个体社会偏好的异质性与预期的动态调整共同决定了实验被试的公共品投资行为,具体而言,异质性的个体基于自己的观察不断地更新对他人公共品投资的预期,进而调整自己的投资行为。文章不仅为国际研究提供了来自中国被试的证据,同时,也为完善我国公共品供给体系提供了有益的理论支撑。     

规则公平偏好对个体公共物品自愿供给的影响:一项实验研究

经济学始终关注涉他偏好对公共物品自愿供给的影响,而对于关注过程的规则偏好的研究尚不多见.本文设计了一个带有否决权购买的独裁者实验,通过被试面临两种博弈规则的选择,度量其公平规则偏好.随后根据Fischbacher等的两阶段公共物品实验考察个体社会偏好类型.实验结果表明:(1)被试中约60％的个体持有较显著的公平规则偏好;(2)重复公共物品实验中,公平规则偏好强的个体平均投入水平高于公平规则偏好弱的个体;(3)公平规则偏好程度不同,投入水平受到社会偏好与信念的影响权重不同,行为调整模式有显著差别.     

新农村建设中公共物品偏好显示机制分析

新农村建设的核心问题是公共物品的供给问题。根据公共选择经济学派的理论,通过设计一种偏好显示机制,反映农村社会对公共物品的偏好,是解决农村公共物品最优供给问题的有效途径。现有的相对多数票、序数投票法、二二比较法等机制存在着信号显示不全、结果的发散性等问题。根据现有机制的分析,设计的多阶段集体否决投票法,有着较好的激励机制、信号显示完整、收敛性等特点,不失为一种可供选择的农村公共物品偏好显示机制。     

相机性政策、公共债务与经济复苏:来自中国的证据

本文利用1992年第一季度到2009年第四季度的数据,用久期模型分析了相机性财政和货币政策对我国经济走出1992-2009年间四次衰退的作用。结果表明,相机性财政政策和货币政策的协调组合对我国经济走出衰退具有比较显著的正向作用,这两类政策的积极实施可以使经济复苏的概率分别提高21%和13%。但是,公共债务水平的上升会削弱相机性政策协调对经济走出衰退的刺激作用,特别是会严重制约积极财政政策的可持续性。     

Direct Election of Group Decision-Makers Can Facilitate Cooperation in the Public Goods Game

Research on social dilemma has shown that the delegation of decision-making to group leaders can increase cooperation in the collective action problem. In this paper, we show that the voting scheme used for the election of leaders could make a difference to the emergence of cooperation. We design a public goods game experiment in which actors elect leaders to make decisions on their behalf in the contribution to public goods. In particular, we compare the leadership elected from direct and indirect election systems. In direct election, a leader is elected directly by majority-votes from a group, whereas in indirect election the group is divided into smaller subgroups and a leader is elected from the elected subgroup leaders. We run a simulation model to show that direct election would choose a more cooperative leader than indirect election when voters’ preferences of leadership are not homogenous. A laboratory experiment with human subjects further indicates that people hold stronger preferences for cooperators as leaders in direct election than in indirect election, suggesting that the voting scheme has an effect not only on the processing of actors’ preferences, but also on the shaping of their preferences of leadership in the public goods dilemma.     

An Economic Analysis of Licensure and Public Policy: Evidence from the Social Work Case

Occupational licensure is commonly accepted as a means of protecting consumers by ensuring minimum levels of professional competence. This study analyzes the rationale for licensure in terms of consumer information and consumer choice, applying the analysis to the proposal to license social workers in Tennessee. The analysis makes it possible to separate the numerous issues involved in the licensure question, identifying the probable impact of the proposed measures in terms of a clearer identification of consumers' interests. It is shown that the need for licensure is tied to the manner in which services are provided. In the social work case this means that while the positions of social workers would be enhanced, licensure would offer their client-consumers little protection which they do not already enjoy.     

Exchange Market for Complex Goods: Theory and Experiments

The modern economy includes a variety of markets, and the Internet has opened opportunities for efficient on-line trading. Researchers have developed algorithms for various auctions, which have become a popular means of on-line sales. They have also designed algorithms for exchange markets, which support fast-paced trading of standardized goods. On the other hand, they have done little work on exchanges for complex nonstandard goods, such as used cars. We propose a formal model for trading complex goods, and present an exchange system that allows traders to describe desirable purchases and sales by multiple attributes; for example, a car buyer can specify a model, options, color, and other properties of a desirable vehicle. Furthermore, a trader can enter complex constraints on the acceptable items; for instance, a buyer can specify a set of desirable vehicles and their features. The system supports markets with up to 260,000 orders, and generates hundreds of trades per second.     

China Takes Important Steps in Regional Economic Cooperation

Nowadays, China is actively starting the re gional economic cooperation, and has ac celerated the steps to establish the free trade zones with some countries and regions.     

China Takes Important Steps in Regional Economic Cooperation

Nowadays, China is actively starting the re gional economic cooperation, and has ac celerated the steps to establish the free trade zones with some countries and regions. 　　……     

"国家治理财政论":从公共物品到公共秩序

本文沿着"财政制度一增进公共秩序一国家能力支柱一实现国家治理目标"的逻辑,建立起"国家治理财政论"的基本框架,详细阐明了财政与国家治理的关系.本文理论要点有:(1) "公共秩序"是人的基本需要和经济社会运行的保障;(2)市场经济发展带来经济从社会中脱嵌、利益格局分化、创造性破坏三大进程,公共秩序不断面临冲击和重建过程;(3)国家治理依赖于"国家能力"的支持,国家能力的两大支柱是市场增进能力和组织动员能力;(4)为建设良好的公共秩序,国家治理目标是经济有效、社会有序、政治包容;(5)财政支出、收入、预算和政府间财政关系中的一系列制度安排,从不同侧面有助于经济增长和稳定、社会保护和控制、权利开放和维护权威等目标的实现.     

进口中间品与出口产品质量升级:来自微观企业的证据

中国处于质量升级的关键阶段,由于进口中间品能实现技术溢出、优化资源配置,因而可能会提升出口产品质量。为此本文基于2000-2006年中国工业企业和海关进出口贸易匹配数据进行研究,结果表明:进口中间品能显著提升中国企业出口产品质量,剔除加工贸易后结果更加显著,然而进口中间品使用强度对产品质量提升呈递减趋势;运用PSM逐年匹配解决内生性问题后采用DID和FE也得到一致结果,进一步发现高技术产品提升出口产品质量也较高,而受技术垄断影响来自高收入国家、高技术国家的中间品对产品质量的提升作用有限;从动态角度看,进口持续期与出口产品质量呈U型关系,短暂进口在质量提升上并不明显,适时进入以及持续进口能显著提升产品质量。     

二元体制下的公共产品供给和财政竞争均衡

在要素市场一体化条件下,多数票规则会导致较高的再分配水平,降低财政竞争的激励,形成财政竞争的自动制衡机制,确保财政竞争处于适度水平。中国城市的公共产品供给二元体制降低了农村劳动力迁移的收益,并因此影向农村劳动力向城市转移的规模。农村劳动力转移规模的减少,会减缓城市公共产品的供给压力,降低财政竞争的成本。同时,二元体制又通过就业收益和城市住房价值的提升,提高了财政竞争的收益。上述因素将共同提高财政竞争的均衡水平,加剧中国地方政府的财政竞争。     

China and Brazil Vow to Boost Economic and Trade Cooperation

Chinese vice Premier Wang Qishan said on April 12 that China was willing to work with Brazil to boost cooperation between businesses. Wang made the remarks at the closing ceremony of a seminar between entrepreneurs from China and Brazil in Beijing,which he attended with Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff. In his address,Wang praised the effective cooperation between the two countries in areas such as energy,resources, finance,agriculture,science and infrastructure. He also spoke highly of bilateral coope...     

河南省农村公共物品投资的经济增长效应研究

本文运用面板数据模型分析了河南省农村公共物品固定资产投资对农村经济增长的影响。固定效应模型表明,农村公共物品固定资产投资是造成地区间农业总产值差异的因素;随机效应模型表明,农村公共物品固定资产投资也是造成同一地区不同年份农业总产值变化的因素,即农村公共物品固定资产投资促进了农村经济增长。最后分析了河南省当前农村公共物品供给存在的问题及解决对策。     

公共支出与人类发展指数——对中国的实证分析：1990-2002

科学发展观和和谐社会要求我们的工作重心由GDP扩展到HDI,公共支出作为国家重要的宏观调控工具更是负有不可推卸的责任,但公共支出是否影响人类发展呢?公共支出对人类发展的影响有多大呢?公共支出中的哪些项目对促进人类发展的贡献最大呢?本文用实证分析的方法来回答上述问题,分析发现,公共支出与人类发展具有显著的正相关关系,而且公共教育支出、公共医疗卫生支出的贡献明显大于其它公共支出.     

Capital Structure and Mergers: Retrospective Evidence from a Natural Experiment

This analysis evaluates the impact of corporate debt in influencing mergers of local exchange companies in the United States telecommunications industry between 1988 and 2001. Firms’ financial structures significantly affect behavior and performance; yet no evidence has shown how firms’ financial structures influence their merger activities. The impact of corporate debt levels on the various mergers that took place during the merger wave in the sector is significantly negative for the first set of mergers carried out, and significantly negative, but with smaller impact, for the second set of mergers. The results support the idea that firms with high debt levels can be monitored carefully, precluding engagement in potentially-risky mergers so as to not engender negative financial outcomes.     

公共服务资源配置中的个人偏好与社会正义——基于实证社会选择方法的问卷实验

以异质化公共服务领域的资源配置为背景,我们引入不同的假想式情境来考察受试者的集体选择的变化.从而,我们使用实证社会选择方法分析了传统上只能利用思想实验讨论的内容.我们发现:在贫富身份确定的“基准”情境下,无论是高禀赋者还是低禀赋者都倾向选择有利于自己的方案;在“无知之幕”和“中立观察者”的情境下,多数受试者会选择较为温和的再分配方案;受试者的选择会受到“效率”因素的影响,“应得”因素的效果则不明显;任一情境下观察到的实际选择都与理论预期不完全相符;某些个体特征因素会对受试者的选择产生影响.通过我们的实验可以得出的重要政策启示是:人们在做出选择时会努力平衡正义原则和效率标准,此为推动基本公共服务均等化的关键约束.     

中印经贸合作探讨

当前,中印关系处在矛盾的运动之中,由于政治、文化、地理等因素使双方的经贸合作充满了挑战,但两国间的共识大于分歧,利益大于磨擦,两国加强经贸合作的趋势将不可逆转。中印经贸合作的现状、阻力及合作的潜力分析。我国政府与企业要加强与印度广泛的经贸合作关系,为加快双方的经济发展作出更大的贡献。     

对华反倾销的特征及应诉公共品的集体供给策略分析

本文总结了对华反倾销的特征,探讨了倾销与反倾销应诉的公共品性质,并分析我国容易遭受反倾销,且反倾销应诉率低、胜诉率低的原因。指出出口产业集中度低是形成当前对华反倾销应对困境的重要原因。并指出通过建立和发挥行业协会、商会等中间组织的作用,协调出口竞争,可以通过集体供给,提高企业参与反倾销应诉的热情,提高反倾销的应诉率与胜诉率,并在此基础上提出了集体应对反倾销的策略。