中国制造业参与国际生产的外包承接策略

近年来,随着经济全球化的发展,以生产工序国际转移和生产制造外包为主要特征的全球生产分工体系逐渐发展起来,中国制造业企业参与国际生产,融入全球生产分工体系就成为一个不可回避的现实问题.文章重点探讨了外包推动下的自主成长模式,以此为基础提出了参与国际生产的外包承接策略.承接跨国公司及其在华投资企业的生产外包业务完全可以作为现阶段中国部分制造业企业参与国际生产的主要途径,从而有可能借助外包承接活动的推动实现制造业产业的成长和升级.     

外包生产率效应研究文献综述

科技的进步尤其是信息技术的发展,使跨国生产协作成本与国际贸易壁垒大幅下降。国际生产分工深入到产品内部,由产品间分工逐渐向产品内分工转变,近些年来国际外包的蓬勃发展正是这一趋势的体现。通常情况下,外包行为会对外包双方的生产率产生影响,研究外包的生产率效应是近年来的理论热点之一。     

企业虚拟生产的外包战略探究

随着国际生产分工的日益深化以及制造业外包的蓬勃发展,承接外包生产已经成为中国制造业企业参与国际生产,融入全球生产分工体系的主要途径之一.但是随着企业纵向一体化程度的加剧,到底是生产外包还是生产经营一体化是当今制造业企业发展所面临的一个难题.本文对生产外包战略进行探究,并分析了耐克公司生产外包在虚拟生产上的成功案例,希望能对相关企业的发展提供指导性建议.     

承接国际外包扩大了中国行业间工资差距吗?——基于回归方程的Shapley值分解

文章构建模型从理论上考察了承接国际外包对我国行业工资差距的影响机制,并利用1995~2011年中国工业行业面板数据和基于回归方程的Shapley值分解方法,从实证上分析了参与全球价值链分工和承接国际外包对我国1995~2011年36个工业行业工资差距的影响效应。研究表明,总体上承接国际外包通过资源重组、技术进步、劳动力技能需求升级等效应带动了我国制造业行业工资不断上涨。按要素密集型分类的估计结果显示,承接国际外包对我国不同要素密集型行业的工资增长具有明显的差异性。其中,承接工业外包对我国资本密集型产业工资的拉动效应更大,而承接国际服务外包对我国劳动密集型产业的工资拉动效应更大,全球化进程带动了我国机械制造、电子通讯等参与全球化分工程度较高的产业行业工资的快速增长,拉大了我国劳动密集型行业与资本密集型行业之间的工资差距。同时,基于回归方程的Shapley值分解结果显示,国有垄断、产业规模和全球化等因素仍然是影响我国行业工资差距的最重要因素,在中国加入WTO以后,承接全球外包对我国行业总体工资差距的贡献率呈现明显上升的趋势。     

我国加工贸易存在的问题分析

加工贸易作为全球化背景下中国参与世界分工的重要方式,是融入全球化生产体系的重要链条,是承接国际产业转移的主要形态,是提高企业技术水平的有效媒介,是利用外商直接投资的便捷途径,是建立国际销售渠道的新型方式。但同时也应看到现阶段我国加工贸易还存在一些问题,如我国加工贸易仍处在国际产业价值链低端,国内加工贸易配套产业的发展堪忧,内资企业所占比例偏低,加工贸易企业融资渠道不畅通,加工贸易监管不严,加工贸易的优惠政策带来了的诸多负面影响等,今后应发展高新技术产业,发展中西部地区的加工贸易,提高产品的增值含量,完善我国加工贸易监管模式的相关对策。     

FDI与国际外包的技术溢出效应

通过两种主要的跨国公司国际生产组织形式——FDI与国际外包,就国内的相关经验数据来检验我国参与全球生产网络的技术溢出效应。本文实证分析的结果表明研发投入和国际外包的承接均与我国的技术进步显著正相关,而FDI对全要素生产率具有负面效应且在统计上不显著。最后在前面分析结论的基础上提出我国如何有效地参与全球生产网络进而实现产业结构进一步优化的政策建议。     

跨国生产外包中代工企业被挤压的原因及对策——从中间产品价格角度分析

近年来,我国沿海地区承接跨国公司业务外包发展很快,但是许多简单加工和服务型的跨国生产外包代工企业遭到来自跨国公司的挤压。严重影响到当地企业的生存和发展。本文从中间产品价格的角度解释跨国生产外包代工企业被挤压的原因,并提出应对措施。     

从服务外包到反向服务外包:一个文献综述

跨国反向服务外包理论是跨国服务外包理论的前沿理论,该领域是我国服务外包理论研究的创新领域。为了进一步提升我国制造业企业在国际分工中的地位,本文主要结合跨国服务外包理论和跨国反向服务外包理论的发展过程,从动因、关键研究领域对这两种理论进行评述,以期为该领域建立研究理论框架。     

中国企业参与东亚垂直专业化分工的生产率溢出效应--基于企业层面微观视角的考察

本文使用2000－2006年中国工业企业数据库和中国海关贸易数据库测度中国企业参与东亚垂直专业化分工程度,发现企业参与东亚垂直专业化分工的程度呈现一种上升的态势,且这种上升更多地表现为一种产业内效应。在此基础上,估计企业参与东亚垂直专业化分工的生产率溢出效应的结果显示,企业参与东亚垂直专业化分工程度对企业的全要素生产率有着显著的促进作用,企业参与东亚垂直专业化分工的贸易方式、企业所有制类型及企业所属行业类型是影响垂直专业化生产率溢出效应的重要因素。     

从服务外包到反向服务外包：一个文献综述

跨国反向服务外包理论是跨国服务外包理论的前沿理论，该领域是我国服务外包理论研究的创新领域。为了进一步提升我国制造业企业在国际分工中的地位，本文主要结合跨国服务外包理论和跨国反向服务外包理论的发展过程，从动因．关键研究领域对这两种理论进行评述，以期为该领域建立研究理论框架。     

Profit reducing international outsourcing

Recent empirical evidence shows a negative relationship between international outsourcing and profitability. This paper provides a theoretical explanation for this phenomenon. We show that, in an oligopolistic market, firms earn lower profits in the outsourcing equilibrium compared to the situation where neither firm does outsourcing, and this holds irrespective of the intensity of competition. We show that whether international outsourcing is likely to reduce profit under more intense competition (measured by the degree of product differentiation, number of firms and the type of product market competition, namely, Cournot and Bertrand competition) is ambiguous. We further show that international outsourcing may be socially ‘excessive’ for the sourced country and for the world.     

The decision to export: Firm heterogeneity,sunk costs,and spatial concentration

Integrating perspectives of the Uppsala model of internationalization process, international new ventures and trade theories of heterogeneous firms, this paper develops a dynamic discrete-choice model of export decisions by a profit-maximizing firm. Empirical analyses based on a panel data set of Chinese firms show that sunk costs, productivity, firm size, foreign ownership, industry competition and spatial concentration are positively associated with the decision to export, while state ownership has a negative association with the probability of exporting. However, we find that the relationships are not always uniform and depend on firm-specific idiosyncrasies. The results show that foreign-invested firms and large firms (regardless of ownership) rely on productivity performance related advantages for expanding overseas, while domestic firms, especially small- and medium-sized enterprises, build competitive advantage by leveraging agglomeration economies and the associated spillovers. Our results highlight the role of firm heterogeneity, sunk costs and spatial concentration in shaping the export behavior of firms.     

Technology gap,imported capital goods and productivity of manufacturing plants in Sub-Saharan Africa

This paper uses firm-level data from Ghana, Tanzania and Kenya to examine the effect of capital goods imports on domestic firms' productivity, and the role firms' technology gap plays in aiding the transmission of knowledge embodied in capital goods to domestic firms. The results show that increasing imports of capital goods and closing technology gaps have positive effects on productivity. Furthermore, domestic firms with technology standards farther from international best practices benefit more from capital goods imports. The results also imply that trade liberalization policy aimed at eliminating tariffs on capital goods will significantly improve the performance of technically incompetent firms in the African manufacturing sector.     

Welfare and quality improvement in an international market

This paper analyzes the optimal uniform and discriminatory quality requirements under Cournot competition when two firms produce high-quality and low-quality products, respectively, in an international market. The quality requirements in our paper are not set for the foreign firm but are set to regulate products of different qualities, since in the real world a domestic firm could be a high- or low-quality producer. We find that whether the government should raise the quality requirements depends on the type of competition in which firms engage and the adopted quality requirements. By and large, the government should always set quality requirements raising both firms’ quality directly or indirectly, regardless of the quality of the product of the domestic firm. However, if the domestic firm is a high-quality producer, the government should set a quality requirement that enables the domestic firm to monopolize the market when a discriminatory quality requirement is adopted, and should not set any quality requirement when a uniform quality requirement is adopted. Moreover, we show that the quality requirement can actually improve global welfare in most cases.     

异质企业贸易模型的理论进展

21世纪初国际贸易领域的研究重点逐渐由对产业的关注转向对国际贸易中异质企业的关注。本文介绍了异质企业贸易模型的建立、异质企业贸易模型的拓展,围绕企业生产率异质性、企业出口行为和FDI行为选择、企业一体化和外包组织形式选择等核心问题,对现有国际研究成果进行了综述,并探讨了异质企业贸易模型的发展方向。     

Foreign direct investment,black economic empowerment and labour productivity in South Africa

The impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on domestically owned firms in developing countries has been widely debated in the literature. It has been argued that FDI provides access to advanced technologies and other intangible assets, which may spill over to the host country and allow domestic firms to improve their performance. While there is a substantial literature on this issue, for obvious reasons, little is known about the effect of FDI on domestic firms in the African context. Noting this gap, this paper uses two-period (2003 and 2007) firm level panel data from South Africa to examine the impact of FDI on the labour productivity of domestic firms. A key policy change during this time period was the passage of the broad-based black economic empowerment act (BB-BEE) and we also examine the effect of the interaction between foreign firm ownership and BEE on labour productivity. Regardless of the empirical specification, we find no spillover effects and no evidence that a greater degree of BEE compliance by foreign firms influences labour productivity.     

The great trade collapse and the Spanish export miracle: Firm‐level evidence from the crisis

We provide novel evidence on the microstructure of international trade during the 2008 financial crisis and subsequent global recession by exploring a rich firm‐level data set from Spain. The focus of our analysis is on changes at the extensive and intensive firm‐level margins of trade, as well as on performance differences (jobs, productivity and firm survival) across firms that differ in their export status. We find no adverse effects of the financial crisis on foreign market entry or exit, but a considerable increase in the export intensity of firms after the financial crisis. Moreover, we find that exporters were more resilient to the crisis than non‐exporters. Finally, while exporters showed a significantly more favourable development of total factor productivity after 2009 than non‐exporters, aggregate productivity declined substantially in a large number of industries in Spanish manufacturing. We also briefly explore two factors that might help explain the surprisingly strong export performance of Spain in the aftermath of the great trade collapse: improved aggregate competitiveness due to internal and external devaluation and a substitutive relationship between domestic and foreign sales at the firm level.     

Early international entrepreneurship in China: Extent and determinants

We use data on 3,948 Chinese firms obtained from the World Bank’s Investment Climate Private Enterprise Survey to investigate early international entrepreneurship (international new ventures) in China. The extent of early international entrepreneurship in China is significant: 62% of the exporting firms start export operations within 3 years. Foreign shareholders within the firm and an entrepreneur with previous exporting experience are noted to significantly increase the probability that a firm internationalizes early. We find marked differences in the behaviour of indigenous and foreign-invested firms, and between direct and indirect exporters. For example, for an indigenous firm the more foreign experience its entrepreneur has, the less likely it is to start exporting early. As far as indirect exporting is concerned, business networks are significant determinants of the extent of such exporting, but delays the internationalization process of indigenous firms. The more firms in China export, the more time their managers need to spend on government regulations, although perhaps counter-intuitively, this was not found to discourage exporting. Overall, the findings suggest that exporting by indigenous Chinese firms is often due to challenging or adverse domestic conditions.     

我国出口企业的“生产率悖论”及其解释

本文用1998-2007年的中国工业企业数据,选取近300万家企业,分20个行业检验了我国企业出口与生产率的关系,结果显示:只供应国内市场的企业生产率反而高于出口企业;并且企业出口与生产率呈现负相关关系,即生产率越低的企业出口越多。此结论与新-新贸易理论的结论相悖,我们称之为生产率悖论。进一步检验还发现,企业规模是影响出口的主要因素,而出口贸易对于企业生产率的影响是不显著的。笔者认为,导致我国出口企业出现生产率悖论的原因可能在于我国加工贸易较多,且占据了出口贸易的主体。     

Influence of CEO characteristics in family firms internationalization

This research uses a survey dataset of 187 Spanish family firms to study the characteristics that may influence family firms in their decision of internationalize their activity. Based on individual and demographic variables, the study concludes that the CEO academic level of achievement influences the level of success in international expansion. In addition, the capacity for generating resources of the family firm provokes a lower resistance from family members to export. Moreover, we confirm that industry characteristics do matter in internationalization processes, noting that the specific market, product/service and technology characteristics influence the family firm internationalization. Contrary to expectations, the gender variable and the percentage of family members sitting on the board do not significantly predict the propensity to export.Our findings suggest family firm leaders seeking greater levels of firm internationalization to seriously consider the qualification level of their CEO. These insights can be useful for regulators who have to develop programs for supporting sales internationalization, as well as owners and managers of family firms, who need to understand the CEO abilities that may improve their capacity to internationalize their business.