浅议继电保护装置改进后的运行

针对继电保护装置在运行中出现的电压切换回路存在的隐患、继电保护装置远跳故障和三相重合闸误动进行了分析，提出和实践了改进方案，消除了设备的安全隐患，并总结了加强继电保护装置管理的措施。     

农村常规变电所无人值班改造后存在问题与解决办法浅析

在对一些农村常规变电站进行改造之后，改造的常规电磁型保护变电所存在许多问题，如重合闸失效、重合闸误启动以及事故总信号丢失等。本文针对此问题，对其进行了改进，采取了以下措施，增加装位置继电器JSW、二极管，对中央信号部分的二次保护回路以及远动回路做了改进。经过一年左右的试运行，重合闸继电器33次正确起到，效率达到100%；事故总信号12次正确启动，正确率也达到了100%。以上结果验证了改造设计的有效性。     

变压器空载合闸励磁涌流与外部故障切除后恢复性涌流讨论

利用变压器模型对空载合闸励磁涌流与外部故障切除后恢复性涌流产生机理进行分析,得出各自的特点,进行比较分析,总结出变压器励磁涌流对变压器差动保护的影响,得到变压器空载合闸励磁涌流会引起差动保护误动而恢复性涌流本身不会引起差动保护误动的结论。     

某电厂220kv线路零序距离Ⅰ段保护异常动作分析

某日该电厂1号、2号机组运行,3号机组停备;220kV两条系统联络线Ⅰ线、Ⅱ线突然发生C相零序距离Ⅰ段保护动作,随后重合闸成功。这是一起比较典型的由于保护误动,险些酿成全厂停电的大故障。     

小东江110kV线路开关控制回路改进

小东江电站开关控制回路中跳闸位置继电器TWJ、合闸位置继电器HWJ不能正确反映开关的实际运行位置,导致小东江小秀线和小桥线重合闸存在误判断,致使重合闸误开出,通过对小东江110kV线路开关控制回路改进,消除了潜在的隐患,避免了电网和设备事故,确保了电网的安全稳定运行。     

贵广I回直流输电系统中交流线路开关重合闸保护原理分析

分析了贵广I回直流输电系统交流线路开关重合闸功能,与国内重合闸装置功能进行对比,分析西门子7VK611装置的特点。     

一起主变差动保护误动事故浅析

对一起变压器糍机差动保护误动的情况做了简单介绍,根据误动后所做的试验数据对装置进行了分析,找出了差动保护误动的原因,并制定了防范措施.     

自动重合闸与线路保护装置的配合研究

在全面分析7自动重合闸装置的基本工作原理和配置要求后,对220kv输电线路重合闸装置的重合方法和与保护装置间的配合方法进行了相应的分析研究.     

浅谈220kV变电站变压器瓦斯保护动作原因及误动对策

本文阐述了变压器瓦斯保护取气注意事项，介绍了变压器瓦斯保护工作原理，探讨了变压器轻瓦斯保护、重瓦斯保护动作的多因及延理，提出了防止变压器瓦斯保护误动对策。     

浅谈变压器差动保护误动原因及防范对策

本文介绍了变压器差动保护概述，分析了变压器差动保护误动原因，提出了防止变压器差动保护误动的对策。     

Fear Of Missing Out Scale: A self-concept perspective

Fear of missing out (FOMO) is an emerging topic in consumer psychology. However, the theoretical foundations of FOMO are underdeveloped and extant FOMO scales confine the construct to the context of social media. Without a theoretical foundation and a new FOMO scale, the future development of research on this promising phenomenon is limited. This article provides a new conceptualization of FOMO and a new FOMO scale. Using self-concept theory, the authors propose that FOMO is an emotional response to perceived psychological threats to one's self-concept. Because the self-concept involves a private and a public self, FOMO involves two dimensions: a personal FOMO and a social FOMO. Accordingly, a new scale was developed. The results of four studies support the validity and reliability of the two-dimensional scale. This new conceptualization and scale will enable consumer researchers to examine FOMO in a broader set of contexts, test the relationship between FOMO and related constructs, and develop a nomological network around the construct.     

Price and quality decisions in a vertically-differentiated supply chain with an “Online-to-Store” channel

Because of the prevalence of “Online-to-Store (OS)” channel, customers can purchase differentiated products online and pick up in-store. We develop a Stackelberg game-theoretic model to study the impact of an OS channel on quality levels, demands, prices, and profits of a manufacturer and a retailer in a supply chain. We assume that the retailer acts as a Stackelberg leader, and the manufacturer acts as a Stackelberg follower. The manufacturer produces and sells two products with vertically-differentiated quality levels to the retailer who in turn sells the products to customers through a Store channel, an Online channel, or an OS channel. The retailer incurs a handing cost if the OS channel is available, and consumers bear a shipping cost and a transaction cost when the products are purchased from the Online and Store channels, respectively. We find that the manufacturer should reduce both products’ quality levels and wholesale prices, whereas the retailer can increase the selling prices for a relatively small shipping cost and a not too small handling cost. When the products are available both online and in-store, however, the quality levels, wholesale prices and selling prices might increase for a small shipping cost and a not too small handling cost. Compared to the case in which both products are available online only with the OS channel, adding the Store channel is always beneficial for both parties. The intuition behind these results hinges on the trade-off between the handling cost and the increased market demand for the retailer. Moreover, the quality levels, the wholesale prices of both products, and the selling price of the low-quality product would decrease, while the selling price of the high-quality product increases for a sufficiently low transaction cost and a not too small shipping cost.     

DYNAMIC PORTFOLIO OPTIMIZATION WITH A DEFAULTABLE SECURITY AND REGIME‐SWITCHING

We consider a portfolio optimization problem in a defaultable market with finitely‐many economical regimes, where the investor can dynamically allocate her wealth among a defaultable bond, a stock, and a money market account. The market coefficients are assumed to depend on the market regime in place, which is modeled by a finite state continuous time Markov process. By separating the utility maximization problem into a predefault and postdefault component, we deduce two coupled Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equations for the post‐ and predefault optimal value functions, and show a novel verification theorem for their solutions. We obtain explicit constructions of value functions and investment strategies for investors with logarithmic and Constant Relative Risk Aversion utilities, and provide a precise characterization of the directionality of the bond investment strategies in terms of corporate returns, forward rates, and expected recovery at default. We illustrate the dependence of the optimal strategies on time, losses given default, and risk aversion level of the investor through a detailed economic and numerical analysis.     

Competition in Markets and Competition for Markets

This paper builds on a distinction that is sometimes made between competition in a market and competition for a market. Competition for a market refers to the struggle to create a new market, or to erect a new standard, and it is usually associated with the process of innovation that brings new displacing technologies to market. Competition in a market is the conventional view of competition, and concentrates on the actions of incumbents and imitative entrants in well-established markets. The paper reviews some of the issues that competition for markets raises for anti-trust policy makers, and then asks whether competition for a market is a perfect substitute for competition in a market.     

Market orientation, competitive advantage, and performance: A demand-based perspective

This study assesses how customer value affects a firm's market orientation and consequently, competitive advantage and organizational performance in a service industry — the global hotel industry. The findings show that if a firm perceives its customers as valuing service, the firm is more likely to adopt both a customer and a competitor orientation; if the firm thinks its customers are price sensitive, the firm tends to develop a competitor orientation. Moreover, the greater a firm's customer orientation, the more the firm is able to develop a competitive advantage based on innovation and market differentiation. In contrast, a competitor orientation has a negative effect on a firm's market differentiation advantage. Finally, innovation and market differentiation advantages lead to greater market performance (e.g., perceived quality, customer satisfaction) and in turn, higher financial performance (e.g., profit, market share).     

Using the Pack‐and‐a‐Half Rule to Eliminate Backroom Inventories in Retail Operations

In the retail industry, backroom inventories are typically associated with higher labor costs and greater operational complexity. Thus, retailers look for ways to eliminate backroom inventories. A heuristic used for this purpose is the pack‐and‐a‐half rule which suggests that the shelf space allocated for a product should be at least 50% larger than the case pack quantity in which the product is delivered. Despite its popularity among retailers, the pack‐and‐a‐half rule has been ignored in the academic literature. We introduce the pack‐and‐a‐half rule, assess its impact on a retailer's profits, identify cost, demand, and product characteristics driving this impact, and propose a modification. Based on an analysis of data obtained from a retailer on 1,986 SKUs in 20 categories, we find that the pack‐and‐a‐half rule decreases a retailer's profits, on average, by 10% when applied uniformly across all SKUs. Further, this decrease is significantly affected by product depth, product width, demand elasticity, case pack quantity, and inventory carrying cost. Finally, we develop a set of modifications based on these variables where the pack‐and‐a‐half rule is applied selectively and in a stepwise fashion. These modifications limit the decrease in a retailer's profits to a range between 6% and 7%.     

Interactive perceptions of suppliers and corporate clients in the marketing of professional services: A comparison of accounting and legal services in the UK,Canada and Sweden

Any service offering depends, for its long‐term success, on the dyadic relationship which exists between a supplier and a client. For corporate clients, a positive and proactive approach by a supplier can enhance a relationship both in the initial stages and later, as the relationship develops. Professional services are no exception, perhaps because, in the longer term, both parties can contribute to a situation where “peace of mind” is the dominant emotion. However, such a generalisation may not be true for all professional services nor over a range of countries where currently, many changing environmental factors such as regulations, image and technology, are creating a climate which may result in different perceptions within a relationship. This article attempts to measure and compare these differences using suppliers and corporate clients of two specific categories of professional services, namely, legal and accounting services, in each of three countries, Canada, Sweden and the United Kingdom. It attempts to examine the supplier‐client relationships using elements of the Interaction Approach as developed by the Industrial Marketing and Purchasing (IMP) Group of researchers (Hakansson 1982). From the supplier firm's point of view, in targetting prospective clients and maintaining existing ones in a search for an “optimum” portfolio, the constant monitoring of clients’ perceptions and requirements as an element in generating and sustaining a positive atmosphere should be undertaken. Successful supplier firms may be those which work with a group of selected clients rather than for anyone.     

Fertility,intergenerational transfers and economic development

This paper develops a model of endogenous growth where agents are altruistic and value both the utilities of their parent and of their children. Individuals endogenously choose the number of their children, and arbitrate between financing education, leaving them some bequest and offering some gift to their parents. We establish the existence of three types of long run regime. Starting from a low level of human capital, an economy converges towards a stationary state associated with a constant output per worker, a high level of fertility and ascendant transfers. If the initial level of human capital is not too low, another stationary state jointly exists with a lower level of fertility and no transfer. Finally, starting from a high level of human capital, the economy experiences a steady growth of output per worker associated with a low fertility level and descendant transfers. We then assume that an economy is initially in the stationary underdevelopment regime with ascendant transfers, and we study the power of different policies to push the economy toward the growth regime. We successively consider a fertility control policy, an education subsidies policy, and the introduction of a pension system for the elderly.     

正义感：构建和谐社会的重要因素

正义感是人类以实现正义为目的的一种美好情感,是人的一种最基本的道德情操。一个以正义感调节的社会,人民幸福,社会稳定有序。和谐社会是一个制度正义的社会。制度正义既以正义感为前提,又以正义感为当然表征。因此,和谐社会亦是一个充满正义感的社会。在当前,正义感的培养显得格外重要和紧迫。对于道德教育来说,这既是挑战,又是机遇。     

Looking more or less alike: Determinants of perceived visual similarity between copycat and leading brands

Copycat brands try to gain acceptance from consumers by imitating the trade dress of a leading, incumbent brand, and a crucial question thus is which conditions determine the perceived similarity between a copycat and a leading brand. Two experimental studies, across different product categories and countries, reveal that, as hypothesized, the copycat strategy (copying visual attributes versus themes) and the mindset of the consumer (featural versus relational focus) interact to determine perceived similarity. Consumers in a relational mindset perceive a theme-based copycat to be more similar to a leading brand than consumers in a featural mindset do. These findings have implications for similarity theory and branding practice.