贸易对劳动收入份额总体影响研究综述

从上世纪八十年代开始,国内外学者从不同角度针对贸易对劳动收入份额影响进行研究。理论研究国外从市场完全竞争、不完全竞争、贸易方式角度,实证研究国内外学者从进出口、贸易开放度、贸易自由化、贸易模式角度。由于国内外研究没有得出一致结论,使得贸易对劳动收入份额影响一直充满异议。现从理论和实证两方面针对贸易对劳动收入份额总体影响进行比较全面梳理并给予简要评论。     

服务贸易开放度与碳排放 ——基于1995~2009年跨国面板数据的实证分析

在世界服务贸易取得迅猛发展的同时,全球面临的环境问题也日益突出。基于1995~2009年的国际面板数据,本文构建计量模型对服务贸易开放度与碳排放的关系进行了实证分析。实证检验发现,在全样本区间内,服务贸易开放度与二氧化碳排放呈倒U型关系;依收入水平分组的实证检验发现,高收入国家服务贸易开放度的提高可以显著减少二氧化碳的排放,中低收入国家则不显著,而中高收入国家服务贸易开放度与碳排放呈倒U型关系。     

中国服务贸易开放度研究

入世前中国在入世议定书中对服务贸易的开放作出了相关承诺。如今中国入世已近10年,服务贸易对外开放的进展情况如何?本文就这个问题采用修正过的对外贸易比率法进行了实证研究,并用同样的方法研究了美国的服务贸易开放度,然后对中美服务贸易开放度进行了比较。研究结果表明,中国服务贸易处于一个相对较高的水平,服务贸易开放的现状与我国入世承诺基本一致。     

中国服务贸易开放度与经济增长之间的关联性研究——基于VECM模型的实证分析

文章基于VECM模型对1982-2011年中国服务贸易开放度和经济增长间的关联性进行了协整分析，并在此基础上进行了格兰杰检验。实证结果表明，经济增长与服务贸易开放度互为格兰杰因，服务贸易开放度与经济增长之间存在着长期的均衡关系，服务贸易开放度的提高能促进经济的增长，反过来经济的高速发展又进一步提高了服务贸易的开放程度。     

我国服务贸易的国际竞争力研究——基于因素分析的视角

文章从服务贸易开放度、服务业发展层次、外商直接投资等因素来探究服务贸易的国际竞争力,然后建立计量经济模型来实证研究这些因素在服务贸易国际竞争力提升中的作用。得出服务贸易开放度能显著增强服务贸易国际竞争力,而服务业发展层次和外商直接投资对服务贸易国际竞争力的促进作用不显著。     

国际金融服务贸易壁垒的测度——对83个国家和地区的比较研究

本文利用联合国服务贸易统计数据库(UNSTSD)的最新数据,构建了83个国家和地区近13年的金融服务出口数据,并度量了各国金融服务贸易的壁垒.本文利用双向固定效应改进了经典引力模型,消除了传统方法可能存在的估计偏差.实证结果显示,金融服务部门普遍存在较高的贸易壁垒,平均看来,发达经济体的壁垒比非发达经济体小,但不同发达经济体之间的开放度有很大差别.研究结果还显示,中国金融服务贸易壁垒很高,金融服务自由化的道路还很长.     

中国服务市场承诺开放度分析

《服务贸易总协定》(简称CATS)的签署标志着服务贸易已经被正式纳入到了全球多边贸易体制框架,各国纷纷在其递交的具体承诺减让表中对开放本国的服务市场做出响应.目前,我国服务贸易市场开放度究竟处于一个什么样的水平,由于对外开放度的测度方法各不相同,国内理论界尚未达成共识,文章将利用Hoekman指数进一步对中国服务市场的承诺开放度进行度量.     

金融发展与贸易开放度关联性的实证分析——基于浙江省1994—2009年数据

利用浙江省1994—2009年的时间序列数据,运用协整分析和Granger因果检验,对浙江省金融发展与贸易开放度之间的关联性进行实证分析。结果显示,浙江省金融发展规模指标与贸易开放度互为协整关系,同时,金融发展规模指标是贸易开放度的Granger原因,反之则不成立。而金融发展效率指标与贸易开放度不具有协整关系,但是金融发展效率指标是贸易开放度的Granger原因。因此金融体制改革是实现浙江省贸易开放度可持续发展的必要条件。     

我国资本外逃与经济开放度的实证研究:1982-2004年

本文以国际收支平衡表中的经常账户和资本与金融账户为基础,分别从实体经济层面的贸易开放度和金融层面的投资开放度来界定我国的经济开放度指标,运用两变量VAR系统分析方法对1982-2004年我国资本外逃规模与经济开放度各指标之间的关系进行实证研究,结果表明二者之间具有显著的正向协整关系,相对投资开放度而言,贸易开放度对资本外逃规模有较大的影响。基于此结论,本文提出了相应的政策建议。     

贸易开放度与经济增长的实证分析

新贸易理论认为贸易开放提高了投资效率,从而带动了经济增长。本文在新经济增长理论框架下,采用贸易开放度内生化技术进步模型,实证分析了贸易开放度对投资效率及经济增长的影响。结果表明贸易开放度与经济增长之间不存在简单的线性关系,贸易开放度通过提高投资效率促进了经济增长,但是这种促进作用的变动趋势是呈倒"U"形的,即随着贸易开放度的扩大这种促进作用先增强后减弱。     

中国经济开放度与经济增长关系的实证分析

改革开放以来,中国对外贸易迅速发展,吸收FDI以及对外直接投资规模不断扩大,国民经济长期保持高速增长。通过贸易开放度和投资开放度两个指标测算中国的经济开放度,并在此基础上运用VAR模型和冲击反应模型对中国经济开放度与经济增长之间的关系进行经验检验。结果表明,贸易开放度和投资开放度对中国经济增长的作用存在较大的差异。进一步的动态研究发现,在不同的发展阶段,经济开放度对中国经济增长的冲击作用也存在较大的差异。     

贸易开放度与经济增长:基于中国与印度的比较研究

本文基于新经济增长理论,从贸易开放度视角对中国与印度经济增长进行了比较分析。结果表明:两国贸易开放度存在明显结构差异,中国以商品贸易为主,而印度服务贸易份额远高于中国;中国的总体贸易开放度高于印度,但两者之间的差距随着印度外贸加速发展而缩小;两国贸易开放度与经济增长存在长期均衡关系,中国贸易开放度对经济增长的促进效应略高于印度,但中国面临着由贸易引发的人民币升值和外部失衡冲突问题。     

贸易开放度、经济增长与劳动密集型产业结构调整

本文通过构建联立方程模型对贸易开放度、劳动密集型产业结构和经济增长之间的统计关系进行实证,同时利用VAR模型检验三者之间的相互作用。研究结果表明:经济增长不利于劳动密集型产业的发展,同时劳动密集型产业的发展也不利于经济增长;但贸易开放促进经济增长的同时阻碍了劳动密集型产业的发展。本文研究的政策含义是,当前政府应该优化劳动密集型产业结构,促进要素资源的合理配置;政府外贸政策的重心应该放在改变出口产业结构,使之朝着有利于转变经济增长方式的方向转变。     

The relationship between trade openness and economic growth: Some new insights on the openness measurement issue

Empirical results on the links between trade openness and economic growth often suggest that, in the long run, more outward‐oriented countries register better economic growth. However, a similar level of trade openness can hide different types of trade structures. The aim of this paper was to enrich the way of measuring trade openness taking into account two different dimensions of countries’ integration in world trade: export quality and export variety. Based on the estimation of an endogenous growth model on a panel of 169 countries between 1988 and 2014 using a generalised method of moments estimator, our results confirm that countries exporting higher quality products and new varieties grow more rapidly. More importantly, we find a non‐linear pattern between the export ratio and the quality of the export basket, suggesting that openness to trade may impact growth negatively for countries which are specialised in low‐quality products. A non‐linear relationship between export variety, the export ratio and growth is also found, suggesting that countries increasing their exports will grow more rapidly after reaching a certain degree of the extensive margin of exports.     

Linkage between international trade and economic growth in GCC countries: Empirical evidence from PMG estimation approach

This paper explores the empirical evidence of the links between economic growth and openness to international trade by controlling for auxiliary variables in the model for the six Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries over the annual sample period 1980–2010. After testing for cointegration based on a recent bootstrap panel test, we employ the Pooled Mean Group (PMG) estimation technique of M.H. Pesaran, Y. Shin, and R. Smith (1999. “Pooled Mean Group Estimation of Dynamic Heterogeneous Panels”. Journal of the American Statistical Association 94: 621–634) that is appropriate for drawing sharper conclusions in dynamic heterogeneous panels by considering long-run equilibrium relations. The results show evidence of cointegration relationship between the variables of interest, and reveal that economic growth responds positively to trade openness over both the short run and long run. The evidence is robust to using various trade openness measures and to alternative model specifications, suggesting thus the non-fragility of the linkage between economic growth and openness to international trade for the GCC region. Our findings are then promising and support the view that economic growth is directly and robustly linked to trade openness for the GCC countries.     

贸易开放视角下的地区税收竞争与经济增长--来自中国的经验证据

经济全球化的深入使得一国之内税收竞争的增长效应更多地受制于对外开放因素的影响。本文基于2000－2013年中国29个省（市）的面板数据,旨在从贸易开放的视角实证考察税收竞争对经济增长的影响及作用机制。两阶段最小二乘法（2 SLS ）的研究结果表明,在影响区域经济增长方面,贸易开放与地区间税收竞争存在一定程度的策略替代性;面板门限模型（ PTR）的运用,发现不同区域贸易开放度存在较大差异,从而形成税收竞争增长的类“N”效应。在考虑到贸易开放度区域异质的情形下,地区税收竞争依旧是促进区域经济增长的重要政策工具,注重税收竞争对政策工具的“精准”投放。     

Impact of trade openness on GDP growth: Does TFP matter?

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study is to empirically explore the impact of trade openness on GDP growth initiating with the idea that trade openness cannot be fully characterized through the different openness measures only, we propose to account for total factor productivity (TFP) development level as an additional dimension of countries’ trade integration. Our empirical application is based on 35 years’ balanced panel of 82 countries spanning 1980–2014. To address the potential endogeneity issue, we use the system GMM estimator developed for dynamic panel data models. The results outline that there exists an interesting non-linear pattern between trade openness and GDP growth when TFP development level is taken as an intervening variable into account: trade may have a negative impact on GDP growth when countries have specialized in low-TFP development level; trade openness clearly boosts GDP growth once countries exhibit a minimum threshold of TFP development level. Therefore, there is some pattern of complementarity between trade openness and TFP development level so that the higher the TFP development level, the higher the impact of the trade openness on GDP growth.     

The effects of trade agreements on the growth of major Latin American economies

While the connection between trade openness and economic growth is generally assumed to be positive, empirically, it is not clearly demonstrable. Examinations of the relationship between trade and growth have taken a number of approaches, differing both in the empirical methods, as well as the proxies employed for trade openness, trade liberalization, and growth, but results have been decidedly mixed. Our research differs from prior studies in that it does not examine whether trade policy, trade liberalization or the level of trade itself enhances GDP; but rather whether participating in a specific type of trade agreement/union and/or the number of trade agreements to which a given country or region belongs enhances a country's level of growth. For this purpose, we study the relationship between trade agreements and growth for 18 Latin American countries between 1960 and 2008. Empirical analysis uses an adaptation of the neoclassical Solow growth model. Even though supporters of globalization advance the notion that involvement in trade agreements will help a country's economy, our findings suggest that that may not be consistently so.     

城市化进程中贸易开放的碳减排效应

文章基于2003-2012年中国省际面板数据,通过构建城市化水平测算指标体系、邻接矩阵、地理距离空间权重矩阵、经济距离空间权重矩阵,采用面板门限模型、空间杜宾模型,实证检验贸易开放、城市化对二氧化碳排放的影响效应。结果发现,贸易开放、城市化、二氧化碳排放均存在显著的空间集聚效应。贸易开放对二氧化碳排放的作用受人力资本存在的单一门限值影响,若地区人力资本越过门限值,贸易开放可以显著抑制二氧化碳排放;反之,贸易开放对二氧化碳排放则有促进作用。