大股东对盈余指标存在选择偏好吗?

作为转轨经济中公司治理的核心,大股东制衡机制对盈余管理和盈利质量存在重要影响.本文选择每股收益和主营业务利润率作为两类不同盈余指标的代表,以来自中国股市的经验证据研究发现:(1)控股股东持股比例(第一大股东比例)越高,上市公司每股收益越高,而主营业务利润率越低;(2)其他大股东持股比例和对第一大股东(或前两大股东)的制衡度(或联合制衡度)越高,上市公司每股收益越低,而主营业务利润率越高.这表明,不同的大股东对不同类型的盈余指标存在选择偏好:控股股东可能偏好市场和投资者反应程度较为显著,盈余管理空间较大且相对易于操纵的盈余指标;而与之相反,其他大股东持股比例和大股东制衡度(或联合制衡度)越高,越有可能抵制控股股东的盈余管理或利润操纵行为.     

股权制衡、自由现金流量与过度投资研究

在对自由现金流量与过度投资的关系进行检验的基础上,研究不同的股权结构和股权性质是否能起到制衡的效果,降低自由现金流量的过度投资程度。研究结果显示:高自由现金流量的公司倾向于进行过度投资;有较大的相对控股股东,同时还拥有其他大股东的这种股权结构的上市公司的代理成本更低,公司过度投资的程度较轻;公司的第一、二大股东分属不同性质时,公司将自由现金流量进行过度投资的可能性更低。     

定向增发收购大股东资产动机分析——基于隧道股份的案例研究

由于我国某些上市公司在公开上市时是原企业集团剥离出的优质资产,因此与原企业集团存在着天然联系,关联交易有时不可避免;大股东旗下的其他公司在很多情况下存在着和上市公司同业竞争的问题。关联交易和同业竞争使得上市公司的独立性和盈利能力受到很大限制。近几年,我国很多上市公司出于减少或消除关联交易和同业竞争的考虑而向大股东定向增发,收购大股东旗下与上市公司存在关联交易和同业竞争的业务和资产。隧道股份就是很好的案例。     

定向增发收购大股东资产动机分析——基于隧道股份的案例研究

由于我国某些上市公司在公开上市时是原企业集团剥离出的优质资产,因此与原企业集团存在着天然联系,关联交易有时不可避免;大股东旗下的其他公司在很多情况下存在着和上市公司同业竞争的问题。关联交易和同业竞争使得上市公司的独立性和盈利能力受到很大限制。近几年,我国很多上市公司出于减少或消除关联交易和同业竞争的考虑而向大股东定向增发,收购大股东旗下与上市公司存在关联交易和同业竞争的业务和资产。隧道股份就是很好的案例。     

股权结构对资本结构的影响

本文分析了我国上市公司控股大股东与其他股东之间的代理冲突,及其对公司融资决策的影响,并使用2001-2004年间的样本数据进行了实证检验。在控制公司特征因素后研究发现:首先,大股东控制权对公司资本结构产生显著影响,但大股东类型不同,影响也不同。其次,在股权比较分散、前几大股东相互制衡的上市公司中,大股东控制权对长期资本结构产生正向影响。     

第一大股东关联交易对上市公司绩效的影响分析

由于我国特殊的政治、经济等环境,很多上市公司都存在着大股东通过关联交易活动来转移上市公司资源、侵占中小股东利益的现象,严重干扰了上市公司的正常运营,导致公司质量不高,影响投资者的信心.本文对我国第一大股东关联交易的总体状况以及第一大股东关联交易的主要类型进行分析,并选择2010-2012年深圳交易所发生关联交易的上市公司为样本数据,对第一大股东的关联交易与上市公司绩效进行回归分析,从实证方面证明第一大股东对上市公司的侵占行为,并得出相应结论.     

上市公司利用关联交易进行利润操纵分析

由于投资者会根据上市公司的财务报告等来判断是否投资该公司,以至于公司公布的信息将会决定着其生存与发展的重要因素,关联交易成为了大股东或其它相关控股公司的人员所运用的利润操纵的手段之一。毋庸质疑,关联交易在上市公司普遍存在,如"宝延风波"、"琼民源"、"银广厦"、"猴王股份"、"格林科尔"、"春兰"等,其中它们有的甚至在瞬间倒闭,最终也是因关联交易而引起的。可见如何规范关联交易的利润操纵已经成为现在急需解决的问题。通过理论分析的方法,根据前人研究的基础上,收集沪深上市公司关联交易的资料为对象,分析我国上市公司进行关联交易利润操纵的现状,寻找产生关联交易利润操纵的原因,发现关联交易存在的一些问题,并根据其存在的问题提出相应的对策。     

上市公司关联交易的实证研究

上市公司关联交易会损害小股东的利益,实证分析结果表明关联交易的频率与董事数量、独立董事薪酬、控股股东持股比例正向相关,与独立股东数量、比例负向相关。为了抑制关联交易,上市公司一方面可以在引进更多董事的同时,分散公司股权、让更多的公众持有股票。     

关联交易中的小股东利益预防性保护初探

上市公司的关联交易,根据沪深两地的《证券交易所股票上市规则(2004年修订)》第10·1·1条规定,是指“上市公司或者其控股子公司与上市公司关联人之间发生的转移资源或者义务的事项”。近年来,上市公司大股东利用其对上市公司的控股地位,做出不利于小股东的决策,使小股东利益受到侵害的事件频频发生。其中就包括有控制地位的股东利用箕优势地位,与公司进行关联交易的时候谋取个体利益而损害小股东的利益,这种不公平关联交易现象在我国公司运行实践中相当严重。如何在这种关联交易中保护好小股东的合法利益,就成为当前证券市场上一个热点问题。“在当前情况下,加强和完善对小股东权益保护的公司法律制度,是我国股市健康运转的关键。”     

Institutional investor heterogeneity and firm valuation: Evidence from Latin America

This article analyses how the corporate valuation of Latin American firms is affected by the presence of a blockholder institutional investor. The study uses a data set of 562 firms from six Latin American countries for the 1997–2011 period. We found that the presence of an institutional investor has a positive effect of 8% on firm value, which increases to 21% for the cases where there is blockholder coalition with an institutional investor. After dividing the sample by investor type, we found that independent institutional ownership implies a positive premium on firms' Tobin's Q, while the presence of a grey investor has a negative effect on firm valuation.     

Corporate Social Performance and Economic Cycles

This paper examines the influence of CEO career horizon problems on corporate social responsibility (CSR). We assume that as CEOs are getting older, they tend to disengage in CSR due to their shorter career horizons. We further argue that high levels of industry-level discretion (ILD) and blockholder ownership amplify the negative effects of CEO age on CSR. Using a panel sample of US-based firms over 2004–2009, we do not find the main effect of CEO age on CSR, but find support for the moderating effects, such that CEO age is negatively associated with CSR when there are high levels of ILD and blockholder ownership. Therefore, results suggest that CEO career horizon problems matter for CSR when (1) CEOs have sufficient discretion over the firm’s strategic decisions and (2) outside blockholders put more pressure on CEOs to engage in financial earning management.     

Lost in translation? Corporate governance,independent boards and blockholder appropriation

Emerging economies are oftentimes characterized by state capitalism, concentrated ownership and constrained resources, where firms face underinvestment due to resource misappropriation. The adoption of Anglo-American corporate governance practices may result in sub-optimal outcomes. We draw on the multiple agency perspective and research on cross-national governance to examine how independent directors, as agents with multiple roles, might mitigate blockholder appropriation. Using unique panel data from Russian publicly traded firms where the government and the business elite are predominant blockholders, we find that independent directors in private firms are less effective in mitigating blockholder appropriation than in state-owned enterprises. We further investigate board independence effects driven by the exposure to three international governance boundary conditions, namely Russian Multinational Enterprises, foreign listings of Russian firms, and foreign independent directors on Russian boards. Our study focuses on the agents that might assuage principal-principal conflicts, explores when ineffective governance can be minimized, and contributes to research on how governance practices developed in advanced economies get translated in emerging market economies.     

Defining Ownership: An empirical assessment of the ownership measures

Ownership is considered to be one of the crucial governance mechanisms; however, there have been no systematic attempts at validating the construct and measures used to operationalize ownership. We review the current understanding of ownership and the measures used by each perspective, namely blockholder/dispersed shareholder perspective, owner identity perspective, and aggregated ownership perspective. We thereafter critique each of these perspectives, offer hypotheses regarding their validity, and empirically assess each ownership measure vis‐à‐vis firm performance outcomes. We utilize a sample of 3,990 US firms to test our hypotheses and find no consistent results for the blockholder measure, or for the owner identity measure. However, the aggregated ownership measure consistently accounts for significant increases in explanation of variance in firm performance. Copyright © 2018 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Corporate ownership and control contestability in emerging markets: The case of Colombia

This study examines the structure of voting control and blockholders’ contestability for a sample of 233 non-financial listed firms in Colombia during 1996–2004. Corporate control is characterized by high ownership concentration and blockholder power, which implies low separation ratios between cash flow rights and voting rights. On average the separation ratios for the largest voting block is 0.95, while that for the fourth largest shareholder is 0.75. Corporate control is privately biased when there is direct monitoring of firm management by controlling owners. Regression results show that a more equal distribution of equity among large blockholders has a positive effect on firm value. Contestability matters most when firm shares are liquid and actively traded on the stock market. This finding is reinforced when the probability that the largest block can form a winning coalition decreases and performance variables, such as market to sales ratio and return on equity, are included in the estimating equations as substitutes for firm value. In addition, our estimations provide evidence that diversion of rents (tunneling) is limited by blockholders’ contestability.     

中国上市公司家族企业与非家族企业的经理人薪酬差异分析

经理人薪酬是一种典型的用以降低代理问题的控制机制。以家族企业与非家族企业为对象,从公司绩效、董事会监督及外部大股东控制三个方面对两类企业的经理人薪酬进行了比较研究。实证结果发现:代理理论中以绩效决定经理人薪酬的控制机制在我国非家族企业中是有效的,而在家族企业中效果有限;对经理人经营绩效的评估,会计基础重于市场基础;代理理论在我国主要适用于非家族企业。     

Corporate boards,large blockholders and executive compensation in banks: Evidence from Poland

The paper aims to investigate the impact of uniform board governance standards on the level of executive pay in banks with a controlling shareholder. Based on the sample of a hand-collected data on all executive pay of all public banks in Poland from 2005 to 2013, we find that board independence is negatively associated with executive compensation. In contrast to widely-held banks, independent directors in banks controlled by a blockholder provide restraint on the tendency to overcompensate. Thus, in concentrated ownership structure managerial power theory prevails over agency theory. However, the effect might be diluted as the number of board members increases.     

Consumer Shows in the Promotion Mix

Abstract

Consumer shows present a unique promotional opportunity by presenting a forum for attracting consumers with a specific interest in the products featured at the show. In this study we examine auto show attendees' perceived differences and similarities between attendance at an automobile consumer show and the traditional showroom visits made by automobile shoppers. Results of the study indicate that the promotional value of the show had a modest but positive impact on vehicle buying and leasing, a considerable positive influence on brand and model selection, but little influence on choice of dealer. We discovered that attendees perceive sales personnel they met at the show to be more knowledgeable, trustworthy and friendly than those they met at a dealership (even though the sales personnel at the show work at dealerships). Finally, we found that among the group from which most incremental purchases would be expected-those who came to the show with negative intentions but who then purchased a vehicle-the show is viewed more as a substitute for entertainment than for other shopping activities. The promotional implications of these results are then explored.     

The effect of naturalness claims on perceptions of food product naturalness in the point of purchase

Recent trends in marketing highlight an increased focus on naturalness claims with the hope of a higher consumer perception of product naturalness, but does this always make sense? This research examines this question in two experiments. Results show that the perception of naturalness depends on the types of points of purchase, those that convey a sense of naturalness, such as traditional markets, leading to more perceived naturalness. Importantly, results show that point of purchase type interacts with naturalness claim salience such that highly salient claims leads to higher perceived naturalness for product being displayed in a point of purchase that conveys a sense of naturalness. Finally, results show that the authority which claims the naturalness of the product is of major importance, brand-independent naturalness claims leading consumers to perceive the claim as more credible and consequently the product as more natural.     

Effective Luxury-Brand Advertising: The ES–IF Matching (Entity–Symbolic Versus Incremental–Functional) Model

This study draws on the psychological tenets of implicit self-theories, which differentiate between individuals with entity versus incremental orientations, to deepen our understanding about how consumers evaluate luxury-brand advertising appeals. Our findings show that entity theorist consumers are more attracted to the symbolic value appeals of luxury brands, whereas incremental theorists are more attracted to functional value appeals. Furthermore, we show how consumers' implicit self-theories can be purposively primed by managers with the textual elements of a luxury-brand advertising message to increase its effectiveness, which provides useful implications for designing and executing effective luxury advertising.