心理距离对跨国公司进入模式的影响

基于65 670家外商直接投资企业数据,本文使用群组Logit模型,分析了心理距离对跨国公司进入中国市场模式选择的影响。研究发现语言差异和工业发展水平差异与跨国公司采取独资模式进入的机会比率呈显著负相关关系,宗教差异与跨国公司采取独资模式进入的机会比率呈显著正相关关系,而教育水平差异和民主差异对跨国公司进入模式选择的影响并不显著。     

浅析跨国公司在华投资的独资化倾向

随着“后WTO时代”的到来,跨国公司开始积极调整其在华投资的战略。本文显示了新时期下,跨国公司通过新设、扩股和并购进行独资化经营的证据,透视出外部市场和企业内部存在的交易成本是其走向独资的根本原因,并构建了简单的模型,对比合、独资前后的收益变化来证明跨国公司独资的逻辑。跨国公司独资化倾向是经济规律的必然结果,应趋利避害采取相应的对策。     

外商在华直接投资的独资化分析

外商独资企业已经成为跨国公司在华直接投资的一种主导形式,那么跨国公司为什么采取这种模式、对我国经济的影响如何、我国企业和政府应如何应对？针对这些问题,文章首先运用大量的事实和数据,从新建外商独资企业、并购国内企业以及原有合资企业的增资扩股三个方面分析了当前我国外商直接投资的独资化现状,然后从交易成本理论和国际市场进入选择折衷理论两个角度探讨出现这种趋势的动因。接着分析这种独资化趋势可能对中国经济产生的积极影响和负面影响,最后根据实际情况提出了一些相应的应对措施。     

在华跨国公司投资模式的演变——基于PEST分析框架的实证研究

当前,我国的外国直接投资总额逐年增加,而跨国公司进入模式却发生着转变,倾向于采用独资企业形式。本文在外商直接投资进入模式演化理论的基础上,依据PEST分析框架,收集整理近20年我国的宏观经济数据,初步分析了外商对华投资进入模式选择的影响因素,并建立了多元回归模型。模型回归结论如下:国内经济总量、国内市场开放程度和社会文化发展状况与跨国公司独资倾向呈显著正相关关系,而国内的生产技术水平与跨国公司在华经营的独资化倾向呈负相关关系。     

跨国公司投资独资化对我国企业技术创新的影响及对策

近些年来,随着中国投资环境的变化,跨国公司在华投资模式逐步由合资模式向独资模式转变。面对独资化对我国企业产生的双重影响,企业应依靠技术创新,提高自主创新能力,加强核心竞争力的培养,并通过与跨国公司战略联盟等策略将独资化的负面影响降低到最小限度。本文将从跨国公司在华独资的趋势及原因出发,通过其对我国企业创新能力的双重影响的分析,提出我国企业应对策略。     

论跨国公司直接投资对我国汽车行业竞争的影响

近年来,跨国公司对我国直接投资急剧增加,对我国经济发展起到了十分重要的作用,作为我国国民经济的支柱产业之一的汽车产业也深受其影响。通过对跨国公司直接投资与中国汽车行业市场集中度关系的实证检验,研究其相关性,得出外商直接投资与中国汽车行业市场集中度的回归模型,并分析了跨国公司直接投资对我国汽车产业的影响。     

外商对华直接投资独资化动因分析

随着改革开放的不断推进,外商对华直接投资方式也不断发生变化,由过去合资合作为主向独资为主转变,并呈现独资化加速发展的趋势。本文中分析了跨国公司对华直接投资独资化趋势的动因,以及对我国的影响,并进一步提出了相应的对策。     

跨国公司对华投资新趋势及其影响

跨国公司作为国际投资和国际贸易的主体不断为推动世界经济全球化作出巨大贡献。中国在改革开放之后作为经济腾飞的后起之秀,成为跨国公司拓展全球市场的必争之地。跨国公司在完成了在中国的初始发展阶段之后,其进攻中国市场的战略有了新变化,呈现出独资化、本土化、业务重组化等特征。本文对跨国公司在我国投资的最新发展及其对我国经济发展的影响进行分析,并提出解决相关问题的对策。     

跨国公司在华投资方式新趋势对技术溢出的影响及对策

随着改革开放的深入,特别是我国加入WT0后,越来越多的跨国公司进入我国。它们的投资方式正在从以合资和合作为主,转向以独资和并购为主。跨国公司在华投资方式的新趋势对技术溢出产生了正负效应及我国政府应采取积极的因应对策。     

跨国公司对华投资独资化影响与对策探析

近年来,跨国公司在华直接投资数量不断增多,进入模式已由当初的合资、合作转为独资。独资化趋势不是偶然现象,主要是由跨国公司的全球发展战略和避免技术外溢以及在华投资环境的改善引起。跨国公司独资化对中国经济既有积极影响,又有消极影响,需要区别对待,促进积极影响的发挥,最大限度降低消极影响。     

跨国公司在华竞争环境、经营状况与满意度的实证分析

本文通过对100家大型跨国公司的问卷调查,在分析中国外商投资的趋势、影响和回报的基础上,梳理了在华跨国公司及母公司的基本状况和相互关系,以及在竞争环境、经营自由度、决策权、竞争力、长期经营战略、投资满意度等方面的具体情况,总结出近年来跨国公司在华战略调整的重点,并针对中国企业提出对策建议。     

Japanese multinationals in the post-bubble era: new challenges and evolving capabilities

Since the bursting of Japan's bubble economy, from 1990 onwards, Japanese multinational companies (MNCs) have faced new competitive challenges and questions about the management practices on which they had built their initial success in global markets. Japanese engagement in the international economy has undergone a number of phases. In the period before the Second World War, Japanese companies learnt from foreign MNCs in trading, shipping, and manufacturing, frequently through strategic alliances, and leveraged their capabilities to succeed in overseas and largely Asian markets. In the immediate post-war decades, during the Japanese ‘economic miracle’, there were notable examples of MNC investment in raw materials and labour intensive production, but both inward and outward foreign direct investment were not significant. Japanese companies achieved leadership in management and technology, in order to support a strategy of export-orientated industrialization. Changes in government policies in the developed economies of the US and Western Europe forced leading Japanese manufacturers to convert themselves into MNCs and to transfer their home-grown capabilities to overseas subsidiaries. The period after 1990 marked declining Japanese competitiveness and it asked questions about the ability of Japanese MNCs to be more responsive and global in their strategies, organization and capabilities.     

Multilevel determinants of subsequent FDI in China

Among developing countries, China is the world's largest foreign direct investment (FDI) destination. A significant portion of the FDI in China comes from multinational corporations' (MNCs) subsequent investments of retained earnings or additional capital contribution. However, the characteristics of MNCs' subsequent investment have not been systematically studied. This study attempts to examine MNCs' subsequent investment in China both conceptually and empirically. Conceptually, the study approaches three levels of determinants: firm, location, and international, within an integrated model. Empirically, the study considers whether origin, experience, initial location, and other related factors significantly affect subsequent investment of MNCs after their initial entry into the Chinese market. Through empirical analyses, this study identifies some statistically significant factors around MNCs' subsequent investment decisions in China. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Do Chinese corporations take their governance practices abroad? Evidence from Chinese mining subsidiaries in Australia

Directors of firms are theorized to fulfil control, service and resource dependence roles. However, the ways in which directors’ of Chinese MNCs govern their foreign subsidiaries, and perform these roles remains unclear. Building on the institutional logics perspective, this study explores the roles enacted by the boards of directors eight Chinese‐controlled companies in Australia to gain an appreciation of their governance practices. In depth semi‐structured interviews with insider and independent directors, consultants and market analysts were undertaken. A content analysis of company annual reports and web sites complimented primary sources of data on board functions. Findings reveal that control is the most dominant role played by these boards, rather than service or resource dependence. It also appears that the dominant logics of Chinese institutions influence the corporate governance of Chinese MNCs as they internationalize. These findings extend our understanding of corporate governance practices in China and abroad.     

Chinese Investment in Advanced Economies: Opportunities and Challenges

With an increasing importance of outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) by multinationals (MNCs) from China in advanced economies, there is a need for deepening our knowledge of these Chinese MNCs not simply regarding their benefits and concerns, but more importantly regarding their dynamic and complex contexts. In this article, we investigate challenges that Chinese investors face in managing multiple embeddedness across heterogeneous contexts and why this multiple contextual embeddedness is particularly evident when Chinese firms acquire Western firms for competitive catch‐up. We contend that the interaction of Chinese investors with various local contexts depends on the extent to which these contexts are not only interrelated, but also overlain by temporal and spatial dimensions of context. Accordingly, contextualizing globalization of Chinese companies temporally and spatially will allow us to better understand their international expansion. More generally, we stress the need to place Chinese OFDI research in its broader context, temporally and spatially, and go beyond the mere institutional or cultural distance variables. Finally, we outline the key contributions from the six articles in this special issue and discuss the future research agenda stimulated by the issues raised in these articles. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Entering China Today

Summary

The peripherally growing and remarkably dynamic Chinese economy is now encouraging the use of more diverse and creative entry modes for international investors. This article illustrates various entry modes of foreign direct investment available at present to foreign companies entering China. These entry modes include equity joint ventures, wholly foreign owned subsidiaries, contractual joint ventures, umbrella companies, acquisitions, representative offices, branches, build-operate-transfers, licensing and franchising. The merits and limitations of each entry mode are discussed. Some practical advice on entry strategies for international executives active in the Chinese market is also highlighted.     

The role of networking and commitment in foreign market entry process: Multinational corporations in the Chinese automobile industry

This study addresses the role of business networking and commitment to local market when MNCs enter an emerging market. We investigate the reasons for variations in the speed of MNCs’ foreign market entry. Particularly, we examine whether MNCs’ networking with the key local actors facilitates MNCs’ entry and whether learning and commitment in the context of networking affects the speed of MNCs’ entry process in the Chinese automobile market. The study is based on the experiences of three MNCs, a U.S.-based firm, a European firm, and a Korean firm. Data is collected through in-depth interviews and through secondary sources related to the entry process of these cases. The cases illustrate that speed of foreign market entry is significantly influenced by business networking between MNCs and the key business and socio-political actors, since different types of business networking determine the level of learning and commitment. Our cases also show that the effects of business networking generated during the initial foreign market entry by the MNC may be different than those during sequential entries.     

Global competition and latecomer production strategies: Samsung of Korea in China

This contribution illustrates how latecomer multinational companies (MNCs) have organized international production activities and maintained their competitive advantage under growing global competition. In doing so, an interdisciplinary approach, including an evolutionary theory of MNCs, global strategic management, and organizational and technological learning, is adopted through the case study of Samsung Electronics as a sample latecomer MNC. Samsung reveals that competition in the electronics industry in China is based on the diferential capabilities of players in the market, and their ability to transfer and improve these capabilities faster than competitors. Latecomer MNCs' foreign subsidiaries are under strong pressure to be actively involved in design and product development activities near to production facilities. In order to gain a sustainable competitive advantage, foreign subsidiaries of latecomer MNCs need to rapidly improve their product innovation capability by combining knowledge transferred from the MNC headquarters and global subsidiaries' networks with information about consumer requirements in the foreign location.     

Investing for strategic resources and its rationale: The case of outward FDI from Chinese companies

As more Chinese companies become engaged in foreign direct investment (FDI), particularly in industrial countries, a crucially important issue must be addressed: what is the motivation of Chinese outward FDI, and what is its rationale? Based on a detailed analysis of both primary and secondary data sources, this article argues that when investing in advanced economies, Chinese multinational corporations (MNCs) are motivated primarily by the quest for strategic resources and capabilities, and that the underlying rationale for such asset-seeking FDI is strategic needs. The examination of this premise will hopefully prompt business practitioners to think about this important issue in new and innovative ways, thereby identifying an appropriate policy and strategic response.     

Determining investment size and local embeddedness under host market uncertainty and growth rates

This study employs a growth options perspective to examine how multinational corporations (MNCs) design their investment attributes under the influence of host market uncertainty and growth rates. It specifically examines MNCs’ decisions on investment size and local embeddedness under host market conditions. Using data on Korean overseas manufacturing subsidiaries, we find that MNCs choose either more-local-embedded small investments or less-locally-embedded large investments under high demand uncertainty and GDP growth rates. We also find that this choice is moderated by host market political risk and competition. Our findings imply that MNCs consider both uncertainty-driven flexibility and growth rate-induced commitment when selecting international investment modes. This consideration allows MNCs to gain flexibility as well as an enhanced ability to expand in the future. This study contributes to the literature on real options and entry modes in the international business area by showing how host market conditions and investment decisions are related.