教育与健康水平对农户劳动生产率的影响:对中国农村贫困地区的一项研究

根据中国23个贫困县农户抽样调查数据,分析了不同教育和健康水平农户劳动生产率的差异,探讨了农户劳动生产率的决定因素,确定改进农户教育和健康水平对提高劳动生产率的贡献.研究表明,农户的教育和健康水平的提高对贫困地区农业劳动生产率的提高有非常显著的影响.     

黑龙江省农村职业教育存在的问题与对策

黑龙江省是我国农业大省,农村人口数量庞大,提高劳动力素质对促进经济发展有重要意义。职业教育有助于黑龙江省将巨大的农村人口压力转化为资源优势,有助于提高农村劳动生产率,提高农民收入。因此,黑龙江省应从农户个人角度出发,结合职业教育实际情况,改善职业教育发展中不合理的因素,促进农村教育水平的提高。     

农村劳动力转移对农户教育支出的冲击及财政政策含义

劳动力转移所带来的收入已成为农户收入的最重要来源之一并有力地促进了农户收入增长.但是本文采用中国健康与营养调查数据,通过实证分析发现农村劳动力转移对于农户教育支出存在显著的抑制作用,从而不利于农村居民长期收入增长和缩小城乡居民收入差距.进一步研究发现,在教育财政政策设计上,现阶段农村公共教育重"基础教育"轻"职业教育"和"成人教育"的财政支出结构是造成劳动力转移抑制农户教育投资的根本诱因之一.     

健康、教育与我国农民收入的关系探讨

本文利用2000-2007年我国省际面板数据和面板变系数模型,研究了健康、教育和农民收入之间的关系.研究发现:健康状况和教育水平是影响农民收入的重要因素,农民健康和教育水平的提高能够促进农民收入的增长,但健康和教育对各个地区的影响不同.因此,应根据各地的实际情况,提高农民的健康和教育水平,从而促进农民收入提高.     

土地经营中劳动生产率提高的区域性特征

土地家庭承包经营使得劳动力的发展各尽所能,区域优势得到充分体现,受地理环境、历史基础、现实生产条件等多因素影响,劳动生产率在地区间及农户间发展不平衡。在农村劳动力转移大潮中,大浪淘沙使劳动力在反反复复流动中逐渐形成了明显的区域类型化和不均衡性。本文以河北省为调查研究对象,对山区、平原、京津城郊三种不同类型区劳动生产率提高方式和水平进行了变化差异分析。     

最低工资对就业的影响及其作用机制——基于建筑业面板数据的分析

本文利用全国30个省份的建筑业面板数据分析最低工资的就业效应,并用中介效应模型分析其作用机制.从全国来看,最低工资对建筑业就业具有正效应.进一步研究后发现,这种正效应部分是通过人力资本水平提升和技术进步引起的劳动生产率提高来实现的.最低工资对就业的影响存在阈值,在该阈值之前,提高最低工资会减少就业;超过该阈值,提高最低工资则增加就业.目前,提高最低工资有利于就业,对企业生产方式的改进和劳动生产率提高也有促进作用.     

健康人力资本对农户收入的影响研究——基于CFPS数据的实证分析

农户作为生产与消费相结合的社会经济微观实体，其健康状况将直接对其生产生活和收入水平产生影响。本文使用2010-2020年CFPS的53461条个体层面数据，采用OLS回归模型探究健康人力资本对农户收入的影响效应。研究发现，自评健康对农户家庭总收入有显著正向影响，身体质量指数与农户家庭总收入存在倒U型关系；教育人力资本和家庭医疗支出在健康人力资本的收入效应中发挥明显的中介效应。通过进一步分析发现，健康人力资本对农户家庭不同类型的收入影响效应不同，其中，自评健康对经营性收入的影响最大。通过异质性分析得出，健康人力资本对东中西部地区的影响存在差异性；此外，相对于做饭使用自来水的家庭来说，不使用自来水的家庭健康状况对收入的影响更为关键。因此，在开启现代化建设新征程上，应以系统思维推进健康乡村建设，健全农村教育服务体系和医疗保障制度，实施差异化健康人力资本增收效应策略，从而夯实农民稳定增收长效机制的健康基石。     

论人力资本、生育率与农业劳动生产率的关系

针对我国农业劳动生产率较低的现状,本文对索洛模型进行拓展,并运用截面、pool、panel(固定效应)数据模型进行实证分析,结果表明:我国的生育率和人力资本对农业劳动生产率均有重要影响.基于此.本文提出通过降低农村生育率和改善农村人力资本水平,从流量和存量两方面减少过多的农业劳动力,促进现代农业技术的推广和农业生产要素的有效配置,增加农业总产量,从而促进农业劳动生产率的提高.     

教育对中国老年人健康预期寿命影响的多状态研究

使用中国城乡老年人追踪调查数据(2006年和2010年),采用多状态生命表模型,分析教育对中国老年人健康预期寿命的影响.中国60岁老年人的预期寿命为20.08岁,健康预期寿命18.69岁.随着年龄增长老年人健康预期寿命减少,从80岁开始,健康预期寿命低于不健康预期寿命.未上过学的老年人预期寿命低于小学以上老年人,未上过学的老年人健康预期寿命和健康预期寿命占比均低于小学以上老年人.教育水平对老年人预期寿命和健康预期起着影响作用.应把健康预期寿命作为评价老年人健康水平的主要指标之一.     

加快提高中国劳动生产率的政策建议

中国经济处于跨越"中等收入陷阱"的关键时期。提高劳动生产率将成为保持中国经济社会中长期健康发展的主动力之一,有助于提高中国经济"含金量"和全面建成小康社会,有助于顺利跨越"中等收入陷阱"。近年来,中国全员劳动生产率仍呈现上升态势,但增速呈放缓迹象,且不再具有全球领先优势。未来5~10年,中国劳动生产率仍有较大提升空间。提高劳动生产率不能依靠就业人口数量减少来实现,而应依靠实施创新驱动战略、转变经济发展方式、持续提高劳动者素质和生产创新的效率来实现。政策措施主要是:全面提高全要素生产率水平,加快推动战略性新兴产业,推进企业技术改造,提高生产管理水平,强化职业教育,培育创新创业的内在基因,发展现代高效农业,保护知识产权等。     

Basic Needs,Government Debt and Economic Growth

This paper investigates the relationships between basic needs and economic growth where the interactions between output, health, nutrition and education are explicitly simultaneous. We find a unidirectional relationship that improving basic welfare contributes strongly to labour productivity change, but a clear reverse causation only from growth to nutrition. There are substantial differences in the patterns of simultaneous interactions at different income and welfare levels. There are strong self‐reinforcing effects of literacy and debt service on poverty, making it difficult for poor countries to rectify their situation. Channelling resources towards improving health, education and nutrition could bring dramatic economic returns.     

The role of education and training in enhancing labour productivity in Arab countries in Africa

Labour productivity in Arab countries is low by international standards and this problem occurs in Arab countries both inside and outside Africa. There are 10 Arab countries in Africa: Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Mauritania, Sudan, Somalia, Djibouti and Comoros. Enhancing labour productivity is a major challenge for Arab countries. Improving labour productivity should increase competitiveness, economic growth, job availability and living standards. Key factors in low Arab labour productivity include weak education and training systems, a mismatch between training outputs and labour market demands, lack of technology and innovation and poor management of the workforce. This article seeks to put forward innovative education and training policies which can enhance labour productivity. It does so after examining Arab education and training systems and their links with industry. It is concluded that modern governance arrangements need to be applied in Arab universities. Universities need to be re‐envisioned so that curricula are market‐driven and bridge the gap between education supply and market demand. Entrepreneurial teaching and learning practices need to be emphasized and improved technical and vocational training should be a priority. The Arab countries also have to adopt responsive and practical strategies for research and development and link the research and development institutes to industry.     

Opening of China's Trade,Labour Market Reform and Impact on Rural Wages

Government policy in China supports urban wages at the expense of returns to farm labour. A model is developed to estimate how WTO accession and complementary labour market reform will influence factor returns in China. With WTO membership, a larger cut in manufacturing tariffs compared to agriculture will improve agriculture's terms of trade and will raise the agricultural wage. Complementary labour market reforms will further boost farm wages as labour exits agriculture in large numbers. We estimate that WTO membership and complementary labour market reforms will result in a decline in the agricultural labour force by about 25 per cent.     

Can Singapore maintain its competitive edge in manufacturing productivity vis-à-vis China and Malaysia?

This article investigates whether Singapore can maintain its competitive advantage in manufacturing from a labour productivity perspective vis-avis China and Malaysia, which are generally viewed as Singapore's competitors in manufacturing. We also investigate the extent to which China is closing the labour productivity gap with Singapore and Malaysia in technology-intensive segments of manufacturing. Our analysis reveals that China has the potential to develop a high labour-productivity and low-wage manufacturing sector. In terms of manufacturing labour productivity, China is moving towards convergence with Malaysia. Compared with Singapore, China's manufacturing labour productivity is still far behind, especially in key technology-intensive industries like electronics and chemicals, such that it is unlikely for China to catch up with Singapore within a decade.     

应对EurepGAP提高我国农产品出口竞争力

EurepGAP是针对近年来频繁发生的食品安全问题而制定的一套农产品质量安全认证体系.随着欧盟市场的扩大和EurepGAP认证的普及,我国农产品贸易受EurepGAP的影响也会更加突出.EurepGAP以维护消费者利益,提高食品供应链的安全性为立足点,具有一定的合理性,但在我国目前较低的农业生产技术及生产环境下,要达到其要求还存在相当的难度.文章就EurepGAP对我国农产品出口贸易的影响,我国农业发展的现状,应对Eu-repGAP以促进我国农业出口健康发展提出了建议和对策.     

Liquidity constraints,productivity, employment and output: evidence from non-agricultural activities in Bangladesh

This paper examines the role played by liquidity constraints in determining non-agricultural employment, labour productivity and output among poor, landless households. The hypothesis that the provision of credit to poor non-agricultural households on reasonable terms can greatly enhance labour use, and output, thereby reducing poverty is empirically investigated using survey data from rural landless households in Bangladesh. The study's findings indicate that even small amounts of credit on reasonable terms can substantially enhance labour use and income for poor households and that the impact is greatest for the poorest households.     

Did Liberalization Impact Productivity of the Indian Electronics Hardware Industry?

In this paper, we analyse the trends in productivity, both partial and total, in the four sectors of the Indian electronics hardware industry after liberalization. Using an innovative combination of two established but independent methodologies, we estimate the contributions of technical efficiency change and technological progress to total factor productivity growth (TFPG) and thereby to output growth. Contrary to expectations, we found that none of the four sectors in the industry achieved impressive growth in capital productivity and TFPG despite the new economic reforms. The firms emphasised technological progress at the cost of technical efficiency change but failed to sustain TFPG as the liberalization of policies intensified further. Surprisingly the firms’ effort to employ skilled labour, larger scales of production and their strategy to improve production technology through R&D and/or imports did not benefit productivity substantially. In a comparative study with China, we found that the Indian electronics hardware industry did not perform as well as that of China due to the persistent rigid and bureaucratic procedures, labour market inefficiencies and inadequate infrastructure, among others.     

WORKFORCE AGEING AND THE SUBSTITUTION OF LABOUR: THE ROLE OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND OF LABOUR IN AUSTRIA

We study the sensitivity of projected economic productivity (output per worker) with respect to alternative projections of labour supply and alternative assumptions on the substitutability of workers at different ages. We show that in a pure labour economy assuming imperfect substitution of workers at different ages implies an increase in relative productivity during the next two decades. For a decreasing or hump‐shaped age‐specific productivity profile a negative tradeoff between an increasing labour force at older ages and aggregate productivity results. A decline in productivity can be attenuated by adjusting labour force participation rates to levels currently observed in Nordic countries.     

The comparative performance of UK manufacturing in perspective

The view that the productivity performance in UK manufacturing compares unfavourably with that in other European countries is ill-founded. The important conclusion from this analysis is that the fundamental problem in UK manufacturing has been the low level of investment. This would seem to provide the major part of the explanation for the ?poor“ comparative performance of UK manufacturing when measured in terms of both labour productivity growth and output growth.     

EurepGAP对我国农产品出口贸易的影响及对策

EurepGAP是针对近年来频繁发生的食品安全问题而制定的一套农产品质量安全认证体系。随着欧盟市场的扩大和EurepGAP认证的普及,我国农产品受EurepGAP的影响也会更加突出。EurepGAP以维护消费者利益,提高食品供应链的安全性为立足点,具有一定的合理性,但在我国目前较低的农业生产技术及生产环境下,要达到其要求还存在相当的难度。本文就EurepGAP对我国农产品出口贸易的影响进行了论述,并以我国农业发展的现状为出发点,就如何应对EurepGAP以促进我国农业出口健康发展提出了建议和对策。