The Role of Cultural and Symbolic Capital in Entrepreneurs' Ability to Meet Expectations about Conformity and Innovation

We conceptualize entrepreneurs' success in acquiring resources as the outcome of a socially embedded process of pursuing legitimacy, which in turn encompasses their ability to meet field incumbents' expectations about conformity and innovation. Drawing from Bourdieu's theory of practice, we specifically discuss entrepreneurs' ability, when entering a business field, to simultaneously conform to existing field arrangements (i.e., to "fit in") and to be perceived as innovators (i.e., to "stand out"). A possible paradoxical relationship marks entrepreneurs' ability to meet both of these expectations; we discuss the role of entrepreneurs' cultural and symbolic capital in this process. In addition, two contingency factors may influence how entrepreneurs' ability to fit in and stand out affects their resource acquisition. First, the contribution of the two facets of legitimacy to resource acquisition is influenced by the maturity of the field the entrepreneur enters. Second, entrepreneurs' resource acquisition may be enhanced by their ability to artfully navigate the possible conflicting demands to fit in versus stand out through impression management.     

国有企业公司化改制中的“内部人控制”问题与企业家成长

国有企业公司化改制中的“内部人控制”问题的实质是企业经理人员在激励和约束不对称的条件下,企业家的行为扭曲。他们将自己的创新能力从市场的开拓和产品的开发等创新活动中转移到寻找制度的漏洞,利用制度的不完全性和改革的不彻底性,侵占国有资产。因此,国企改制的目的,就是要矫正企业家行为,为企业家的成长设计出相应的激励和约束机制。其中财产抵押制、年薪制和股票期权制在整合国有资产与企业家利益中具有极为重要的作用。     

企业家的社会责任:做最好的产品和服务

企业家的社会责任包含在企业的生产经营活动之中,企业家做好自己企业的产品和服务与企业家承担社会责任本质上是一致的,二者是同核扩展的关系.做好自己企业的产品和服务是企业家的良心所在、底线伦理所在,也是企业家的胸怀和社会抱负所在.企业家做好自己企业的产品和服务就良性地履行了社会责任,企业家致力于做最好的产品和服务,表明其身上体现出的社会责任感产生了巨大的“溢出效应”.致力于做最好的产品和服务的企业家是最有社会责任感的企业家.     

国有体制、民营机制、先进企业家意识与流通企业效率实现:超市发的案例研究

对国有企业来说，宏观职能的承担与企业效率的实现往往很难平衡，对于充分竞争的市场流通领域，通常更是如此。通过对国有流通企业“超市发”进行案例研究，文章归纳提炼出“国有体制”“民营机制”和“先进企业家意识”等构念，并发现在先进企业家意识的黏合作用下，国有流通企业通过实践“国有体制+民营机制”的模式，可以在兼顾宏观职能的同时实现充分的微观效率。     

Training reflective processes in military aircrews through holistic debriefing: the importance of facilitator skills and development of trust

This paper explores how Holistic Debrief, a new concept in the field of debriefing and reflective processes, can contribute to restitution, reflection and learning in professional teams following stressful events and routine tasks. Interviews were conducted with Norwegian military aircrew mission commanders following deployment to Afghanistan in 2010. Phenomenological analysis in the frame of social learning theory revealed that reflective processes were easier to facilitate after stressful events than after routine tasks. Challenges identified included lack of trust during the early stages of team establishment and poor conceptual repertoires among aircrew commanders undertaking facilitation. Relational trust and reflective processes tended to improve after stressful events. Repeated interactions in Holistic Debrief tend to increase familiarity, trust and learning potential over time. This study reports data from the war context, an environment not often available for qualitative research. The findings are relevant for military and other operational units who wish to develop their debriefing practice and create an experience‐based learning environment.     

秉节持重，问诸水滨？创业者底线心态对创业团队社会责任的影响研究

底线心态是指为确保底线结果而忽略竞争优先事项的一维思维。文章在创业环境下考察了底线心态，基于角色理论以及个人特征影响信息可及性的观点，分析了创业者道德意识在创业者底线心态与创业团队承担的社会责任间的中介效应，并进一步探讨了道德认同的调节效应。基于212名创业者样本数据进行实证检验，结果表明：创业者底线心态会通过创业者道德意识间接影响创业团队社会责任，创业者道德认同负向调节这一间接效应。文章通过关注创业团队社会责任的个人层面影响因素，即底线心态，深化和拓展了创业团队社会责任微观基础的理论研究。     

The effect of human capital, social capital, and perceptual values on nascent entrepreneurs�� export intentions

This study investigates the influence of human capital, social capital, and cognition on nascent entrepreneurs' export intentions. The results indicate that while human capital and social capital influence the level of intended export, cognitive characteristics, such as self-efficacy and risk aversion, do not seem to influence entrepreneurs' intended level of export. The study makes three original contributions to international entrepreneurship research. The first one is the focus on “Real” Born Globals, i.e. entrepreneurs who express export intentions in the prefounding phase. The second is the focus on the individual-level factors rather than firm-level factors that explain export. Finally, the effect of experience is investigated from a path-dependency perspective rather than a “the-more-the-better” perspective. Our study suggests that it may be productive for researchers to look further into the concept of intention, as entrepreneurs' decision to internationalize presupposes a conscious intention of carrying out the action. Thus, the factors influencing the decision to internationalize may have been present prior to the founding of the venture.     

Entrepreneurs in Turkey: A Factor Analysis of Motivations, Success Factors, and Problems

One hundred and thirty-nine entrepreneurs in Ankara, Turkey were surveyed to determine their motivations for business ownership, the factors contributing to their success, and their problems. Based on survey responses, the primary reasons for starting a business are to increase income, to obtain job security, and to secure independence. According to the factor analysis, small and medium-sized enterprises owners are driven more by income rewards than intrinsic rewards. The most important business success variables are the entrepreneurs' reputation for honesty and friendliness. Social skills and good customer service were also cited as critical success factors. The most serious problem faced by entrepreneurs in Turkey is the complex and confusing tax structure. Other important problems include unreliable employees, the inability to maintain good records, and a weak economy.     

Gender diversity issues in the IT industry: How can your sourcing group help?

In the information technology (IT) industry, women constitute only 33% of employees at the entry level and 17% at the leadership level. In this article, we outline the status of women in the workforce and discuss issues that affect their participation, with a specific focus on the IT sector. We claim that U.S. corporations can influence gender diversity in the IT industry by leveraging their relationships with IT suppliers. To this end, we propose the application of Nudge Theory during the strategic sourcing of IT services. We begin our narrative by describing the current state of gender diversity initiatives. Then, we detail gender diversity initiatives in the sourcing process as revealed by a survey on the topic related to IT suppliers. We then briefly define Nudge Theory and provide examples of this theory as applied to an organization’s supplier base. Finally, we present the details of our recommendation, which suggests that sourcing groups should include questions regarding women’s participation in the IT supplier’s workplace during competitive market events. We conclude with a call to action and a call to research.     

对中国企业家成长问题的几点认识

现代社会是企业家社会。中国经济的发展需要企业家主导。中国企业家的成长问题主要是制度问题。深入研究企业家的成长问题，对于我国正在进行的市场经济建设有着十分重要的现实意义。     

区域文化差异及其对民营企业家能力的影响——以江苏和浙江为例

本文从区域文化差异的角度来分析其对浙江省和江苏省民营企业家能力的影响。通过选取避免不确定性、集体主义的程度以及“崇文”/“入市”的价值观的三个文化关键维度,来反映两省文化的差异,并在此基础之上分析两省文化差异对两省民营企业家的知识素质和创新能力的影响,得出了相应的结论。     

Responsible Investing of Pension Assets: Links between Framing and Practices for Evaluation

Despite the increase in the acceptance of responsible investing (RI) in general (Allianz, in www.allianzglobalinvestors.com, 2010), the global community is still witnessing unprecedented levels of practices that can only be categorized as “unsustainable”. It appears, then, that either the inroads made by the RI community have not kept up with the increase in unsustainable practices, or, that the RI process itself has been ineffective at producing meaningful change. The current study aims to investigate the practices used by pension plan sponsors to determine how they may enable, or interfere with, the adoption of implementation of RI. We adopt Framing Theory (Benford and Snow, Annual Review of Sociology 26:611–639, 2000), specifically the idea that particular frames find alignment when they resonate with their targets, by either bridging, extending, amplifying or transforming a domain. We extend research to include understudied practices by performing an analysis of 60 public pension funds in Canada. We find evidence of disconnect between the financial frame which dominates practices for compliance and evaluation, and the social frame of RI as a source of change. If the aim of RI is to produce long-term change, then a consideration of whether it aligns with extant practices is critical. We discover a variety of frame alignment tactics already employed in practice. We also find that, even within the dominant financial frame, opportunities for frame extension, amplification and transformation do exist, and examine how these are more (or less) possible depending on how the asset management structure is designed.     

When will larger‐sized female models in advertisements be viewed positively? The moderating effects of instructional frame,gender, and need for cognition

A variety of negative consequences for girls and women have been associated with women's and men's viewing unrealistic portrayals of women in advertising. However, research on the positive consequences of presenting larger‐sized women in advertisements, and the conditions under which they are effective, has been lacking. The present research examined such positive effects and found that larger‐sized female models in ads were rated as more attractive when an instructional frame activated nontraditional beliefs (a new women's magazine that features larger‐sized models) than when it activated traditional beliefs (a traditional women's magazine). These effects were more pronounced for women than for men, and particularly for women who scored higher in their need for cognition. The degree to which women generated positive thoughts about themselves in response to the ads tended to correspond with their ratings of increased attractiveness of the models in the ads. Implications of findings for using positive larger‐sized female models in ads are discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Rule breaking in adolescence and entrepreneurial status: An empirical investigation

Entrepreneurship researchers contend that many entrepreneurs are rule breakers in order to succeed in their venturing processes. Few studies have examined the longitudinal relationship between negative forms of rule breaking in adolescence and entrepreneurial status in adulthood. Drawing upon Willis' [Willis, R.H. 1963. Two dimensions of conformity–nonconformity. Sociometry 26: 499–513.] theory on nonconformity, this study hypothesizes a positive relationship between an individual's modest rule breaking in adolescence and entrepreneurial status. Results (N = 165) support this hypothesis and also show that modest rule breaking serves as a mediator in the relationship between risk propensity and entrepreneurial status. These results have important implications for entrepreneurs' ethical decision making.     

Network Marketing Businesses and Chinese Ethnicity Immigrants in Australia

This study adopts two theoretical perspectives, Social Cognitive Theory and Theory of Planned Behavior, to examine a model of network marketing business participation by Chinese immigrants in Australia. A structural equations modeling analysis showed that the social environment within a network marketing organization positively influences the self‐efficacy of Chinese network marketers and their desire to seek opportunities. These factors positively influence the actions undertaken by network marketers, and subsequently, impact positively on their performance outcome.     

私营中小企业主性别与融资约束的实证研究

文章基于全国私营企业调查数据分析了企业融资中的性别差异。研究发现企业主为女性的企业融资水平比男性大致低90%相似文献   

Linking Social Entrepreneurship and Social Change: The Mediating Role of Empowerment

Entrepreneurship is increasingly considered to be integral to development; however, social and cultural norms impact on the extent to which women in developing countries engage with, and accrue the benefits of, entrepreneurial activity. Using data collected from 49 members of a rural social enterprise in North India, we examine the relationships between social entrepreneurship, empowerment and social change. Innovative business processes that facilitated women’s economic activity and at the same time complied with local social and cultural norms that constrain their agency contributed to changing the social order itself. We frame emancipatory social entrepreneurship as processes that (1) empower women and (2) contribute to changing the social order in which women are embedded.     

Time,Uncertainty and the Expectancy Experience: An Interpretive Exploration of Consumption and Impending Motherhood

This article examines time and experience of time linked to the consumption behaviour of expectant mothers. Using Dapkus's three categories of time (Limits and Choices, Change and Continuity and Tempo) to frame respondent discussions, the study follows and interpretive route to examine the temporal experiences that affect expectant mothers. The range of feelings and complexity of the lives of the women uncovered from the study provides rich material for marketers wishing to engage with this large and influential group of consumers. The article also suggests future research to investigate the strategies women use to manage time and demands given that many more women are opting for a range of work/home combinations in order to deal with the complexity of their consumer lives.