食品中有害物质的检测新技术

针对近年来农兽药残留检测新技术的特点及在残留分析中的应用进行了综述,包括固相萃取、基质固相分散萃取、分子印迹、质谱联用技术等分析新技术,并对农兽药残留检测技术的前景进行了展望。     

出口茶叶中八氯二丙醚残留及其控制措施研究

本文综述了八氯二丙醚的应用和毒理学风险研究成果，阐述了国内外有关八氯二丙醚的残留标准与法规和残留量的检测方法及方法标准，分析了八氯二丙醚在出口茶叶中的残留状况和残留来源，从生产实际出发，提出了在茶叶生产种植环节和加工环节控制八氯二丙醚残留的措施及降解茶叶中八氯二丙醚残留量的方法。     

进口棉花农药残留检测不容忽视

长期以来,我们对进口棉花品质、重量问题很重视,检验检疫部门投入了许多人力、物力及实验室建设,检验把关也取得了很大的成效。2009年是“质量和安全年”,湖北检验检疫局认真总结了2007—2008年开展的进境棉花农药残留检测工作,分析了湖北省进口棉花农药残留的检出率及其农药种类,评估了国外主要产棉国农药残留的风险与危害,结合我国及湖北省棉花生产使用情况以及国外技术壁垒对我国出口纺织品服装的影响,提出了应对进境棉花农药残留的防控措施及建议。     

出口茶叶中三唑磷的残留现状分析与控制措施研究

综述了三唑磷的特性与应用、毒理学研究成果以及茶叶中三唑磷残留量的检测方法与测定方法标准。根据发达国家有关茶叶中三唑磷的残留标准法规及其产生的影响,对我国出口茶叶中三唑磷的残留状况及来源进行了分析,从生产实际出发,提出了控制茶叶中三唑磷残留的主要措施。     

食品中邻苯基苯酚残留检测技术进展

综述了邻苯基苯酚残留检测的气相色谱、液相色谱、气相色谱-质谱、液相色谱-质谱及毛细管电泳等方法,比较了各种方法的优缺点,并展望了其发展前景,以期为分析人员选择邻苯基苯酚残留的检测方法提供帮助。     

食用菌示范区建设中农药残留风险监控的应用

工厂、基地及示范区模式是食用菌产业发展的趋势。农药在食用菌生产中的不当使用,会给人的身体健康和生态环境带来严重的威胁,并制约产业发展,因此农药残留风险监控是食用菌示范区建设的关键环节。本文通过研究农药残留风险监控,探讨应用三个体系,提高食用菌示范区农药残留风险监控水平,降低农药残留风险及危害。     

水产品中抗生素残留问题思考

就我国水产品质量中抗生素残留存在及水产品中抗生素产生残留的主要原因进行分析,提出了对我国水产品中抗生素残留如何控制,使我国出口水产品内在品质明显提高,突破国际贸易中的绿色壁垒,增强水产品在国际市场上的综合竞争力。     

气相色谱法测定农产品中有机磷残留农药

随着有机磷农药使用的日渐广泛,农药残留问题日趋严重,为使我国的农产品在世界竞争中脱颖而出,严格检测分析产品中有机磷农药残留则尤为重要。本文介绍了有机磷农药残留及危害及其检测方法,并对使用最为广泛的气相色谱法进行了详述。     

农产品农药残留检测能力验证的质量控制与技巧分析

农产品农药残留检测能力验证是保障农产品质量安全检测机构持续满足检测需要及提高农产品农药残留检测能力的有效措施。本文对农产品农药残留检测能力验证中的质量控制和技巧进行了分析,阐述了其影响因素,以为提高农产品质量安全检测机构检测能力提供参考与借鉴。     

欧洲鳗养殖与药残控制

通过阐述欧洲鳗养殖过程、主要病害及常用药物,分析欧洲鳗药物残留的4个方面来源,提出欧洲鳗药物残留控制的具体措施.     

Biotechnology in the agricultural sector: a challenge to consumer welfare

The promises and pitfalls of agricultural biotechnology have long been debated. The public is often thwarted because consumers frequently perceive as risky, and therefore undesirable, those advances that they do not understand or of which they are unaware. A comparative study of the introduction of a biotechnology innovation in the United States (US) and in the European Union (EU) is a case in point. In the US, despite concerns of consumer protection and environmental groups that the use of genetically produced growth hormone in milk‐producing cows will adversely impact the safety of the milk supply, scientific evidence and governmental findings appear to indicate that milk from treated cows is identical in quality, taste and nutritional value to milk from untreated cows. Experience to date in the US demonstrates some consumer resistance to milk from those cows that have received the growth hormone, which typically leads to a 10% increase in milk production. In fact, if there is no perceived differentiation between the two forms of milk, the issue offers little choice to consumers at large, and may result in economic benefit only to selected dairy farmers, as well as the producers of the genetically produced growth hormone. This situation in the US is an example of dysfunctional technology transfer, with perceived desirable benefits to a few, and perceived undesirable benefits to society‐at‐large. The information suggests that the US may have reacted hastily in approving the use of bovine growth hormone in milk‐producing cows. The EU has taken a divergent approach by enacting moratoriums against its use. The differences identified in this study, contrasting responses to the bovine somatotrophin issue in the US and EU – driven in part by general consumer attitudes towards biotechnology – may provide insights into the issues and challenges that will be faced by both advocates and opponents of global proliferation of certain advances in biotechnology.     

日本和牛肉真实性鉴别技术研究

建立了鉴别日本神户牛肉真实性的分子生物学检测技术。通过对来源于10个品种的牛的样品的分析,发现了牛生长激素基因第五外显子的品种间多态性位点,并通过比较分析,确定了日本和牛在这些多态性位点的特异核苷酸组合,建立起了日本神户牛肉的分子生物学识别技术。采取了47份市售牛肉对方法进行了验证,证明该方法在应用于国内市场的神户牛肉的真实性鉴别上,具有很好的特异性,可以用于区分日本神户牛肉和国产牛肉以及国内生产的所谓日本黑牛肉。     

L-谷氨酰胺的生理特性及其应用

L-谷氨酰胺作为人体中含量最多的一种氨基酸,在调节人体蛋白质的合成、抑制蛋白质的降解、刺激细胞生长、激活免疫功能、提高生长激素水平方面起着重要作用。本文阐述了L-谷氨酰胺的生理特性及其应用。     

The U.S./EU Beef Controversy and a Proposed Framework for Resolving Standards Disputes in International Trade

While world trading institutions such as GATT and its successor, the WTO, have made significant progress in addressing tariff barriers as well as some non‐tariff barriers, trade disputes over product standards appear to be increasing in number and intensity. Product standards refer to measures governments take to ensure that products sold in their home market meet health, safety, and quality requirements consistent with the public interest. The longstanding controversy between the European Union and the United States over the export of hormone treated beef is used as a case study to illustrate the difficulty of resolving product standards disputes.     

Affective and Cognitive Components of Attitudes in High‐Stakes Decisions: An Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior to Hormone Replacement Therapy Use

Consumers are increasingly encouraged to take charge of high‐stakes decisions such as those regarding medical treatments. However, the important inputs into overall evaluations of risky and important behaviors, such as undergoing medical therapy, are not well understood. The purpose of this research is to study the interplay of cognitive and affective factors in determining consumer attitudes and intentions toward high‐stakes decision behaviors. This is done in the context of consumer choices regarding medical treatments, and specifically, the decision to use (or not to use) hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Overall, both affective and cognitive responses are found to be independent significant predictors of attitude toward HRT use. Moreover, the results support an extended version of the theory of planned behavior model that is useful in predicting consumer's intentions to engage in high‐stakes decision behaviors, such as using HRT. These findings have implications for the design of decision support systems and behavioral change interventions.     

Preliminary Evidence for the Neurophysiologic Effects of Online Coupons: Changes in Oxytocin,Stress, and Mood

Coupon use saved consumers $2.9 billion on packaged goods in 2012 with over 90 million Americans using online coupons. Besides saving money, why is coupon use so widespread? An experiment was run where participants (N = 90) shopped online and one‐half received a coupon worth $10. It was found that those who received a coupon had a 14% increase in oxytocin (OT), an 8% decrease in the stress hormone adrenocorticotropin, a 4% decrease in heart rate (HR), a 27% decrease in respiration, a 4% decrease in skin conductance levels, and a 90% increase in high‐frequency HR variability. These factors showed almost no change for those who did not receive a coupon. The findings indicate that coupons elicit physiological reactions similar to having a positive social interaction. In addition, self‐reported happiness correlated with the change in OT (r = 0.43). These findings provide new insights into why online coupon use is so pervasive.     

Technostress from a Neurobiological Perspective

Despite the positive impact of information and communication technology (ICT) on an individual, organizational, and societal level (e.g., increased access to information, as well as enhanced performance and productivity), both scientific research and anecdotal evidence indicate that human-machine interaction, both in a private and organizational context, may lead to notable stress perceptions in users. This type of stress is referred to as technostress. A review of the literature shows that most studies used questionnaires to investigate the nature, antecedents, and consequences of technostress. Despite the value of the vast amount of questionnaire-based technostress research, we draw upon a different conceptual perspective, namely neurobiology. Specifically, we report on a laboratory experiment in which we investigated the effects of system breakdown on changes in users’ levels of cortisol, which is a major stress hormone in humans. The results of our study show that cortisol levels increase significantly as a consequence of system breakdown in a human-computer interaction task. In demonstrating this effect, our study has major implications for ICT research, development, management, and health policy. We confirm the value of a category of research heretofore largely neglected in ICT-related disciplines (particularly in business and information systems engineering, BISE, as well as information systems research, ISR), and argue that future research investigating human-machine interactions should consider the neurobiological perspective as a valuable complement to traditional concepts.     

Motivations and Obstacles for Small Business Entrepreneurship in Russia: Fifteen Years in Transition

A longitudinal survey of small business entrepreneurs was conducted in Russia in two stages: in 1994 and in 2008. This study examined entrepreneurial climate and developments in Russia's small businesses with a focus on motivations and obstacles in starting up and operating businesses. It also aimed at analyzing entrepreneurs’ needs for training, consulting, and other types of assistance in a comparative context. Russia's climate for small and medium enterprises (SME) and entrepreneurship has improved, although it is still a work in progress. The 2008 survey indicated younger age, greater share of female entrepreneurs, and remaining small size of the firms. Though the level of SME entrepreneurial activities in Russia is still lower than in major developed economies, the gap is diminishing. Thise study found no significant differences between 1994 and 2008 in terms of entrepreneurial motivations and obstacles; several shifts and trends in motivations and obstacles were identified in their relative importance in SME dynamics.     

New challenges in professional cleaning: hygiene quality and monitoring of surfaces in private domestic homes

In many countries, changes in the pattern of working lives and ageing of the population increases the need for professional cleaning in private domestic homes. The objective of this study was to obtain basic knowledge concerning professional home cleaning. The study consisted of two parts. First, cleanability of surfaces contaminated with microbiological and organic soils was examined in the laboratory using cleaning cloths, detergents and rapid detection methods with potential for use in conjunction with professional cleaning in private homes. Second, hygienic conditions in three households were screened using the same rapid detection methods as in the laboratory experiments. According to the laboratory study, the cleaning efficiency of the non‐woven cloth was clearly poorer than that of the cleaning cloths containing microfibers. There were differences between the efficacy of the cleaning agents in removal of protein and microbiological soils. Despite the differences between surface topography observed with scanning electron microscopy, differences between the cleanability of the three examined surface materials (steel and two plastic surfaces) were small. In hygiene monitoring, the highest levels of total aerobic bacterial counts were detected in the plughole of the sink, on the eating table in kitchens and along the edge of the toilet washbowl and the cover of toilet seats. Low amounts of Enterobacteriaceae indicating faecal contamination were detected in the toilet and bathroom after cleaning. Moulds were not detected in any of the three households, and the amounts of yeasts were low. Detection methods, microbiological dipslides and the protein test, were well suited to the laboratory study. Furthermore, they complemented each other in the hygiene monitoring. The information obtained will be used for development of better practices in professional home cleaning. Good quality management in professional home cleaning and the cleanliness of surfaces in homes are important factors affecting comfort and safety.     

Human capital formation under neo-liberalism: the legacy of vocational education training in Australasia and implications for the Asia-Pacific region

Abstract

This appraisal considers the role and impact of vocational education and training (VET) in Australia and New Zealand, and suggests directions such policy might take in other Asia-Pacific countries. It identifies key issues and constraints in making VET more responsive to emerging labour market needs in the region as an important factor in sustaining high economic growth. It focuses on the way in which the demands of the government, industry, trainees, and, in particular, shifts in political ideology that have influenced the education and training sectors in both countries. It addresses points of specific relevance for the delivery of VET in the broader Asia-Pacific context and concludes with a consideration of lessons and experiences of Australia and New Zealand with VET that may hold for other countries in the region in formulating priorities and implementing strategies in meeting their current and emerging needs for skills development.