基于生存分析模型的企业生存问题及其影响因素研究综论

文章从基于生存分析模型的企业生存问题研究框架着手,对现有文献进行了系统梳理,总结了当前企业生存问题研究中常用的方法和模型,归纳了可能影响企业生存的主要因素,并提出了未来的研究方向。     

'Coase vs Hayek': Economic Organization and the Knowledge Economy

Many writers argue that economic organization is undergoing major transformation in the emerging knowledge economy; authority relations are withering; legal and ownership-based definitions of the boundaries of firms are becoming irrelevant and there are increasingly few constraints on the set of feasible combinations of coordination mechanisms. The present paper critically deals with these claims, beginning from the basic idea that they may be analysed as turning on the implications for the Coasian firm of the Hayekian notion that the distributed knowledge is a strong constraint on the use of planned coordination. It argues that there are efficiency reasons for the existence of authority under Hayekian distributed knowledge; that the increasing importance of knowledge in production does not render legal and ownership-based notions of the boundaries of the firm irrelevant; and that coordination mechanisms will also cluster in certain, predictable combinations in the emerging knowledge economy. Thus, Coasian firm organization is consistent with Hayekian knowledge conditions.     

The death of firms: exploring the effects of environment and birth cohort on firm survival in Sweden

This paper investigates the death of firms and seizes a long-term perspective. It investigates the life spans of nearly 2,200 firms in seven birth cohorts of Swedish joint-stock companies, founded during seven separate years between 1899 and 1950. Research has traditionally emphasized individual- and micro-oriented factors in explaining post-entry performance, or has often focused on the influence of firm-specific structural factors (firm age and size). A less attended field recognizes environmental forces. This paper focuses on the interaction between the micro and macro levels, and combines structural and environmental factors. Employing a cohort approach, it relates firm survival to firm age and size, as well as to the effect of cohort affiliation and environmental change over time (period effects). During macroeconomic expansion, the risk of death decreases. Cohort effects are also evident. Firms founded during times of economic crisis exhibit lower survival rates. Consequently, cohort affiliation and environmental forces, i.e. period effects, can explain differences in death rates in different firm populations.

Defending Gibrat’s Law as a long-run regularity

According to Gibrat’s Law of Proportionate Effect, the growth rate of a given firm is independent of its size at the beginning of the period examined. While earlier studies tended to confirm the Law, more recent research generally rejects it. This article reconciles these two streams of literature, taking into account the role of market selection and learning in reshaping a given population of firms through time. Consistently with previous studies, we find that Gibrat’s Law has to be rejected ex ante, since smaller firms tend to grow faster than their larger counterparts. However, a significant convergence toward Gibrat-like behavior can be detected ex post. This finding is an indication that market selection “cleans” the original population of firms, so that the resulting industrial “core” does not depart from a Gibrat-like pattern of growth. From a theoretical point of view, this result is consistent with those models based on passive and active learning, and can be seen as a defense of the validity of the Law in the long-run.

20年来中国商业理念演变趋势

在改革开放的大背景下,中国企业经过20年的发展,商业理念发生了很大的变化,呈现如下八大演变趋势。市场观:从适应市场到创造市场;营销观:从价格竞争到价值竞争;运营观:从生产竞争到终端竞争;竞争观:从分散竞争到联盟竞争;技术观:从引进技术到自主创新;责任观:从经济责任到社会责任;资产观:从有形资产到无形资产;领域观:从国内到国际。这些理念变化对中国的经济发展产生了极大的影响。     

Commentary on “Resource use and development across permeable project boundaries in open network contexts”

The purpose of this commentary is to analyze the paper “Resource use and development across permeable project boundaries in open network contexts”. Focus lies on commenting on the value of the paper in light of existing research on business networks. The paper is analyzed from a general, theoretical and empirical perspective. The conclusion of the commentary is that there are important contributions of the paper. It clearly adds to our understanding of resource use and development in business networks as it introduces a context involving several actors in a system of open innovation.     

Does Size Matter in Firm Performance? Evidence from US Public Firms

This paper reexamines the determinants of firm performance and, in particular, the role that firm size plays in profitability. A fixed‐effects dynamic panel data model for over 7,000 US publicly‐held firms during the period 1987–2006 provides evidence that profit rates are positively correlated with firm size in a non‐linear manner, holding an array of firm‐ and industry‐specific characteristics constant. In addition, industry‐specific fixed effects play a negligible role in the presence of firm‐specific fixed effects.     

The influence of firm age and intangible resources on the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and firm growth among Japanese SMEs

With the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation (EO) and firm performance having broad scholarly acceptance, researchers are now delving with increased focus into the contextual factors that change the nature of the relationship between EO and various manifestations of organizational performance. In this vein, this study adopts the resource based view and investigates the moderating influence of firm age and intangible resources on the EO-firm growth relationship among small to medium sized enterprises (SMEs) in Japan. Further, we propose a three-way interactive model between EO, firm age, and intangible resources to better identify entrepreneurial configurations that promote superior SME growth.     

A demonstration of anomalies in evaluations of bundling

The paper investigates the premise that bundling prompts consumers to purchase more than they ordinarily would. Two theoretical justifications for increased purchasing with bundling are reviewed, and an experiment regarding consumer evaluation of bundling is reported. Anomalies in the experimental results demonstrate that bundles appear to create contexts that influence evaluation and choice, and some support for increased purchasing was found. Further research is needed to understand more fully the bundle context, the effects created and the process evoked.I thank Robert J. Dolan and Peter H. Farquhar for their many contributions. I also thank Billur Dowse and Mark Indelicado for their helpful research assistance.     

Internationalization and performance of small- and medium-sized enterprises

In this paper, we examine the relationship between the degree of internationalization (DOI) and performance which represents a central issue in the international business literature. We argue that the substantial literature addressing this relationship is hampered by problematic measures for the key constructs (DOI and firm performance) and inconclusive results. Drawing from the internationalization process and location theories, we propose new measures for DOI (based on the dispersion of sales across geographic regions) and deploy a perceptual, multi-item measure of performance. Based on analyses of 94 survey responses provided by small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Singapore, we find that that DOI positively impacts performance.     

Incorporating choice dynamics in models of consumer behavior

This paper presents a framework for organizing and discussing factors influencing consumer choice dynamics, how these factors may be incorporated into models of buyer behavior and problems that may arise in estimating such models. The paper identifies research issues and delineates possible approaches. Proceedings of Session on Choice Dynamics at the Banff Symposium on Consumer Decision-Making and Choice Behavior. All authors share equally in content and remaining errors.     

出口与企业生产率:由实证而理论的最新拓展

出口与企业生产率之间关系的研究属于国际贸易研究的最新论题,这原本是个实证论题,后来被提升到理论层面。大量的实证研究文献集中在"自我选择效应"和"出口学习效应"两个命题。理论层面的拓展以对传统理论之企业无差异假定条件的打破为基点。文章在对1995-2006年关于出口与企业生产率关系的实证与理论研究进行归纳、总结的基础上提出了进一步研究的方向。     

Positive affect moderates the impact of assortment size on choice satisfaction

The present research proposes that positive affect mitigates choice overload. Results from four studies show that whereas people in neutral affect feel less satisfied when choosing from a large relative to a small assortment, people in positive affect do not experience a decline in satisfaction and may even feel more satisfied when choosing from a large, relative to a small assortment. It is proposed that positive affect has these effects by shifting people's attention from the difficulty of the choice task to the quality of the assortment, as a basis for judgment of choice satisfaction.     

交易费用、经济组织与治理机制——诺贝尔经济学奖得主奥利弗·威廉姆森的学术贡献和借鉴意义

奥利弗·威廉姆森教授是2009年度诺贝尔经济学奖得主之一,其学术贡献不只是对纵向一体化或企业边界问题的开创性研究,纵向一体化只是经济组织问题的一个特例。以制度、组织和治理为主线,对威廉姆森的学术生涯、知识谱系、代表性著作的回顾,揭示了他所提出的交易费用经济学的分析方法,特别是匹配交易活动与治理形式的契约关系有效治理的分析框架,具有更大的理论价值和广泛的适用性。此外,他把产业组织理论与交易费用分析融合在一起,对反垄断和规制等问题的研究成果也独具特色。其理论成果在经验检验、应用经济学和公共政策研究领域具有广阔的应用前景,跨学科研究方法具有借鉴意义。