欧盟消费者法对商业创新的法律影响力评析

欧盟主要施行的消费者法和相关指令强调的是不仅保护消费者也鼓励竞争和支持创新。法律在竞争性的市场中应为消费者的保护提供一个基本的框架,即"授权"给消费者,让消费者愿意也能够在市场上对商品和服务进行选择,并且根据对商品和服务的质量和安全性的合理预期而确立起足够充分的消费者信心,而其中消费者法对实现这样的目标应该起到基础和关键性的作用。     

论消费者权益保护执法信息公开建设

近几年来,屡屡发生的食品安全事故,充分说明了市场信息不对称.其表现是消费者获取的产品质量信息、企业信用信息以及政府对消费者权益保护方面的信息严重失衡.消费者对权益保护执法信息公开的呼声越来越高.消费者权益保护执法信息公开,是政府信息公开内容的拓展.信息公开应遵循让消费者最大程度地获取信息的原则,并且根据信息的内容时效性和公开的实用性,采取通过定期出版物公开、网络公开等方式来实现,让消费者准确地了解所需信息.     

Rectifying Consumer Protection Law and Establishing of a Consumer Court in Indonesia

Journal of Consumer Policy - In 2001, Indonesia established the Consumer Dispute Resolution Body (CDRB) based on the instruction of the Consumer Protection Act (CPA) in 1999 to provide consumers...     

EC Law, the Environment and Consumers: Addressing the Challenge of Incorporating an Environmental Dimension to Consumer Protection at Community Level

The principal objective of this paper is to stimulate debate about the current state of the relationship and tensions between consumer and environmental protection policies at Community level. By virtue of the constitutional changes to Community Law introduced by the Single European Act 1986 (SEA) and the Treaty on European Union 1992 (TEU), the European Community (EC) has committed itself to re-evaluating its core, fundamental aim of attaining completion of market integration. The EC is now compelled to address whether the development of open and free market conditions ultimately serves the best interests and priorities of its inhabitants and whether its original goals adequately internalise their environmental concerns and demands. This paper aims to assess critically to what extent EC policy and law have responded to these new challenges and requirements by focusing, firstly, on the caselaw of the European Court of Justice and, secondly, on policy innovations introduced by and constraints facing the EC legislative institutions. Ten years on from the SEA, it appears that the Community has barely started to confront the issue of the consumer-environment interrelationship, with the result that political and legal developments have been unclear and often contradictory. The Community must begin to match its rhetoric with definitive action.     

论德国法对信息社会下骚扰广告的规制——兼谈对我国消费者保护立法的启示

信息时代的到来伴随着大量利用信息手段发布骚扰广告的行为,德国《停止侵害之诉法》为保护消费者的权益,特意创设了答复请求权制度。答复请求权的行使以停止侵害请求权为前提、以三类团体为权利主体、以要求答复义务人告知违法行为者的名称和可供联系的地址为内容。为有效遏制垃圾短信等骚扰广告行为,我国消费者保护立法应以完善消费者知情权为切入点,赋予消费者协会等团体以诉权,同时将知情权的行使规则具体化。     

Integrating Consumer Rights into Copyright Law: From a European Perspective

Until recently consumers and consumer-interests have been virtually absent not only from the rules of copyright but also from copyright’s discourse. This has been so even though the combination of an expansion of copyright and a devaluation of the internal balancing mechanisms raise concern from a consumer perspective. There would, therefore, seem to be a need to incorporate a consumer perspective into copyright analysis. To integrate consumer interests in copyright law, this study recommends action aimed at two levels. On the general level it is suggested to rebalance copyright in order to recognize the interests of users on the same level as right holders. On the concrete level it is suggested to change the limitations found in copyright to ease access to reuse elements of previous works. It is also proposed to reinforce the rule on private copying and to consider measures to secure access to basic information.

Evaluating User Satisfaction with a Consumer Protection Hotline

The consumer complaint-handling literature characterizes users of toll-free Hotlines, but satisfaction with this consumer service has not been evaluated. A telephone survey was conducted of callers to a Wisconsin consumer protection Hotline in an effort to assess user satisfaction. When filers of complaints and inquiries were compared, it was found that complainants were more likely to have used the Hotline more than once or to have recommended it to others, while inquirers expressed greater satisfaction with the agency. As expected from previous research, users were generally satisfied with the Hotline and related services; high-status groups were most satisfied; and low-status persons were less likely to have used the Hotline.     

Principles and Visions of a New Consumer Policy: Discussion Paper by the Scientific Advisory Board for Consumer,Food, and Nutrition Policy to the German Federal Ministry of Consumer Protection,Food, and Agriculture

Journal of Consumer Policy -     

Consumer Response to Information that Presents a Range of Possible Performance Levels for a New Product: The Case of Solar Water Heaters

This research examined how consumers respond to product information that presents a range of possible performance levels. Hypotheses were tested by the use of mail and telephone surveys administered to a national sample of 511 homeowners. The particular product investigated was solar water heaters. The results indicate that the respondents (1) were less likely to change their prior beliefs toward the financial viability of solar water heaters, and (2) placed more emphasis on the importance of financial risk when they were presented with a range of possible financial consequences associated with solar systems. On balance, the provision of this information did not increase or decrease the average intention of the respondents to purchase solar water heaters. The public policy implications of the study findings are discussed.     

Defending the Consumer's Right to a Clean Environment in the Face of Globalisation. The Case of Extraterritorial Environmental Protection Under European Community Law

The issue of extraterritorial eco-protection provides an excellent illustration of unresolved tensions deep-rooted within Community policy and law as regards protecting the environment and the consumer. On the one hand, the EC has predicated itself traditionally on the free market model of consumer welfare, which perceives social progress to be indissolubly linked with open markets characterised by free competitive forces, exemplified by the "single market" ideal. Extraterritorial protective measures represent a considerable challenge to this orthodoxy. They not only question the notion that frictionless interstate trade should be the ultimate trump card, but also dispute the notion that a private individual should only have influence or ownership over concerns about the environment directly related to that person's "home" or "domestic" territory, such as the state of nationality or residence.Extraterritorial measures imply a post-national vision of politics, a vision which the EC in its current form does not share. However, by virtue of the major changes made to the Treaty of Rome 1957 (EC Treaty) due to the Single European Act 1986 (SEA), the Treaty on European Union 1992 (TEU), and most recently the Treaty of Amsterdam 1997 (ToA), the EC has committed itself to incorporating a strong environmental protection dimension to its traditional core aims related to market integration. These new commitments lend support to ideas and policies enhancing the status of measures designed to prioritise ecological values, including potentially extraterritorial measures on environmental protection.     

Risk Minimization with Incomplete Information in a Model for High‐Frequency Data

We study risk‐minimizing hedging‐strategies for derivatives in a model where the asset price follows a marked point process with stochastic jump‐intensity, which depends on some unobservable state‐variable process. This model reflects stylized facts that are typical for high frequency data. We assume that agents in our model are restricted to observing past asset prices. This poses some problems for the computation of risk‐minimizing hedging strategies as the current value of the state variable is unobservable for our agents. We overcome this difficulty by a two‐step procedure, which is based on a projection result of Schweizer and show that in our context the computation of risk‐minimizing strategies leads to a filtering problem that has received some attention in the nonlinear filtering literature.     

应对危机挑战充分发挥作用为中船集团公司平稳较快发展提供坚强保证李宏书记讲话(摘要)

在中船集团公司第七次工作会议上,李宏书记作了题为应对危机挑战,充分发挥作用,为中船集团公司平稳较快发展提供坚强保证的讲话,现摘要如下: 集团公司第七次工作会议,是在国际国内形势出现新的复杂因素、党和国家工作面临新的严峻挑战、中国船舶工业面临新的寒冬考验的情况下召开的.     

消费物价上涨背景下的低收入者财政补贴研究——基于2007与2006的比较分析

本文在模拟低收入者效用函数的基础上,运用补偿性变化、等价性变化和消费者剩余变化,衡量了消费物价上涨对低收入者的影响。实证显示:低收入者2007年的效用等价于在2006年的物价水平下减少可支配收入125.2887元。如果财政补贴的目标是让低收入者的效用回到消费物价上涨前的水平,则需对低收入者补贴130.7842元;如果财政补贴的目标是弥补低收入者因消费物价上涨而减少的消费者剩余,则应对低收入者补贴128.3211元。     

Organizational performance with a broader focus: The case for a stakeholder approach to leadership

In 2019, BlackRock CEO Larry Fink, Apple CEO Tim Cook, and the other 179 CEO members of the Business Roundtable argued that the purpose of a corporation must reflect not only the fiduciary interests of owners but also the varied interests of all stakeholders: employees, customers, partners, and broader society. This idea challenges a decades-old norm of shareholder primacy, so it is reasonable for organizational leaders to wonder whether doing so is truly in their firms’ best interests, and if so, how to implement this approach to leadership. To answer these questions, we draw on over 200 peer-reviewed articles covering leadership research to demonstrate how servant leadership, a stakeholder-focused approach to management, outperforms other leadership approaches across both shareholder and stakeholder criteria. We leverage case studies of organizational leaders from SAS, Zappos, Starbucks, and Jason’s Deli, financially successful organizations that exemplify how managers provide value and sustainability to stakeholders and shareholders through servant leadership. We also include practical steps managers can take to begin putting this form of leadership into practice.     

Category Captain Management: a new approach for healthcare suppliers to partner with their hospital customers

Hospitals represent a substantial market for pharmaceutical and medical device companies. The typical approach by healthcare manufacturers and suppliers to hospitals is to send representatives or detailers to hospitals and meet with representatives of hospital formularies and purchasing officials. Classic channels systems, and specifically, Category Captain Management ("CCM") may provide more of a sustainable competitive advantage than traditional hospital detailing. The purpose of this article is to discuss how CCM might apply as an approach for healthcare suppliers to truly partner with their hospital customers.     

Soft law as a method for consumer protection and consumer influence. A review with special reference to Nordic experiences

Also within consumer policy soft law methods are now being discussed. Soft law rules are characterized above all (a) by being designed to function in the same way as legal norms, (b) by being developed either on the basis of a statutory mandate or by the participation of a supervisory authority in one way or another, and (c) by the fact that the parties on the market who are affected by the rules — business and consumers — participate in the formulation and/or the surveillance of the rules.Three principal types of soft law are scrutinized in this paper: (1) an agreement and negotiation system in accordance with the collective agreement model; (2) the development of guidelines and rules of conduct in cooperation between the State and the market parties; (3) special forms of participation for the market parties in the supervision of the application of consumer protection or in the settlement of individual disputes.In the final part of the paper, an assessment is made of the extent to which these methods can serve efficiently as means of consumer protection and consumer influence. The assessment must yet by necessity be somewhat speculative but no particularly impressive results seem to have been reached in consumer protection through soft law. Two observations stand out rather clearly: There are fundamental difficulties of organizing and supervising consumer interests, and it is doubtful whether some of the most essential consumer problems can at all be handled by those soft law methods that have been tried out so far.

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Nicht-rechtliche Maßnahmen des Verbraucherschutzes und der Einfluß der Verbraucher. Ein Überblick mit besonderer Berücksichtigung skandinavischer Erfahrungen

Zusammenfassung Nicht-rechtliche Maßnahmen werden verstärkt auch im Bereich des Verbraucherschutzes diskutiert. Solche Maßnahmen sind vor allem dadurch charakterisiert, daß sie (a) ähnlich wie rechtliche Normen wirken sollen, (b) auf einer gesetzlichen Grundlage oder durch Beteiligung einer Aufsichtsbehörde entstehen und (c) daß bei ihrer Formulierung die beteiligten Marktparteien mitwirken.Der Beitrag unterscheidet drei Formen solcher nicht-rechtlicher Maßnahmen: (1) Ein Verhandlungssystem nach dem Modell kollektiver Vereinbarungen, (2) die Entwicklung von Richtlinien und Verhaltensvereinbarungen in Kooperation zwischen Staat und den betroffenen Marktparteien und (3) bestimmte Formen der Beteiligung der Marktparteien bei der Überwachung der Durchführung von Verbraucherschutzmaßnahmen und bei der Beilegung von individuellen Streitigkeiten.Im Schlußteil des Beitrages wird bewertet, inwieweit diese Methoden als Mittel zum Verbraucherschutz und zur Förderung des Verbrauchereinflusses geeignet sind. Vorerst muß diese Bewertung notgedrungen noch spekulativ sein, aber es deutet sich, an, daß nicht-rechtliche Maßnahmen im Verbraucherschutz bisher nicht zu besonders eindrucksvollen Ergebnissen führen. Zwei Beobachtungen sind besonders deutlich: Es ist besonders schwer, die Interessen der Verbraucher zu organisieren, zu beobachten und zu erfassen; und es ist zweifelhaft, ob die wichtigsten Verbraucherprobleme überhaupt mit solchen nicht-rechtlichen Maßnahmen angegangen werden können.

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Jyrki Tala is a Research Fellow at Research Institute for Legal Policy, Åboslottsvägen 8, Box 35, SF-00931 Helsinki, Finland. This article is based on a presentation delivered at a Nordic seminar on consumer influence during the 1980s, held in Espoo, Finland, in August 1985.     

历史的现代意义:非物质文化遗产的人文精神与当代价值探索——以芜湖铁画为例

芜湖铁画的人文精神由其所具有的二重属性所体现.铁画具有高雅与世俗的二重艺术境界,体现了铁画对文化本体的尊重.铁画的图像具有古老技艺与时代记忆的二重意蕴,体现了对整体过往历史的温情、敬意与思考.铁画创作者具有劳动者与艺术家的二重属性,体现了对艺术与劳动的一体同观.在当代,铁画具有对打铁必须自身硬概念的导向价值,安徽文化自信的标志价值以及工匠精神的传承价值.     

努力打造人才高地为船舶工业发展储后劲——访江苏科技大学校长王建华教授

江苏省是我国最重要的装备制造、电子信息和石油化工基地。近年来,江苏省将船舶工业作为重要支柱产业加以培育与扶持。当国际金融海啸袭击全球．工业经济遭受困境的时候,与中国船舶工业唇齿相依、具有70多年办学历史的江苏科技大学正昂扬在扬子江畔．努力打造我国船舶工业人力“航母”基地,为中国船舶工业的大发展铆足后劲。春节前夕,江苏科技大学校长王建华教授愉快地接受了记者的专访。