污染产业转移的动因分析

污染产业转移正成为中国环境污染的一个重要问题。本文从产业级差、成本－利益差及环境标准差这三个方面对污染产业转移的动因进行分析，在此基础上提出中国在引进外资过程中改善环境污染的措施。     

我国利用FDI项目中的环境保护问题

本文分析了发达国家向发展中国家转移污染主要通过两种方式:一是通过产业投资进行转移;二是通过国际贸易进行转移。FDI对我国的环境污染主要分布在东部地区。FDI项目中转移污染密集产业的原因主要是我国与国外的环境标准不统一以及我国地方政府的干预。为了减少FDI对我国环境造成的不利影响,本论文从法律、经济、政策等方面着手,提出了一些经济政策方面的对策。     

外商投资对我国环境污染的影响分析与对策

"污染避难所"假说认为,如果发展中国家自愿地实施较低环境标准,那么将会变成世界污染的集中地.通过建立FDI与环境标准的关系模型进行实证分析,结果表明,环境规制对FDI的影响在统计上虽然显著,但是程度很小,中国并未成为世界"污染避难所".     

产业转移对环境影响的实证分析

产业转移对环境的影响因污染外部性的大小而异。本文通过对外部性不同的污染分别建立模型,实证分析了产业转移对环境的影响,结果表明:产业转移与水污染的关系为N型曲线,与气污染的关系为正的线性关系,与固体废弃物的关系为倒N型关系,就目前所处的阶段看,产业转移与外部性大的污染为正相关关系,与外部性小的污染为负相关关系。     

环境规制对产业区际转移的影响--基于污染密集型产业的研究

文章在区分正式环境规制与非正式环境规制的基础上,分析了环境规制影响产业区际转移的理论机制,进而选取2003－2013年中国30个省份的面板数据进行了实证研究,并运用门槛回归模型研究了环境规制影响产业转移的门槛特征与空间异质性。研究结果表明,正式环境规制对污染密集型产业的区际转移有显著的影响,且随着正式环境规制强度的提高,会对污染密集型产业区际转移产生先抑制后促进的作用,验证了两者之间存在门槛特征和空间异质性。非正式环境规制整体上推动了污染密集型产业的区际转移,显现了非正式规制的经济效应。     

外商直接投资与污染产业转移问题浅析——以江苏省为例

近年来越来越多的国家关注外商直接投资中的污染产业转移的问题。本文以江苏省为例,分析其利用外资中环境污染的总体情况和内外资分布情况,从而得出虽然在江苏外商投资的产业一半以上是污染密集型产业,但是外商直接投资并没有出现明显的污染转移倾向。     

世界高附加值船舶产业转移规律探析

一、高附加值船舶产业转移基本规律的实证研究（存在性） 世界造船业的发展历史表明：造船业转移总是从先行工业化国家向后起工业化国家转移;由劳动力成本高的国家向成本低的国家转移。从转移路径上看表现为由欧洲到亚洲。从工业发达国家向发展中国家转移：具体讲。是从欧洲一日本一韩国一中国的转移趋势。世界高附加值船舶的产业转移符合这一基本规律。这可从典型高附加值船舶——集装箱船的发展历程中总结出来。     

全球化背景下我国绿色贸易转型展望

全球化背景下国际贸易与全球环境相关联的本质在于世界产业格局的变化决定了环境污染排放格局的演进。全球的污染产业转移路径基本上是从西方国家到东亚及中国的发展中国家和地区。在当今全球化时代,污染产业的转移发生在国家层面与企业层面。     

河南省承接产业转移的实证分析及对策研究

当前国际国内产业分工深刻调整,河南承接产业转移面临新的机遇。针对河南产业结构与承接产业转移存在的问题,本文利用产业梯度系数对河南省承接产业转移进行实证研究,得出河南可以承接的重点产业,并提出承接产业转移的政策建议,从而促进河南经济的发展。     

理性看待污染密集产业转移

由于经济发展水平存在差异,环境保护政策在发达国家和发展中国家必然存在差异,在一定程度上带来了污染密集产业向发展中国家转移。但不能过分强调环境保护政策在其中的作用。本文通过对污染密集产业进行区分考察,说明了发展中国家不能仅仅针对污染密集产业的转移制定特殊的环境保护政策,否则将得不偿失。     

Resolving the paradox of social standards and export competitiveness

Over the last decade there has been increasing international pressure on countries to raise ‘social standards’ (i.e. production standards based on environmental and labor conditions). Currently, the World Trade Organization does not allow countries to impose minimum standards on imports based on environmental or labor standards because it is assumed to undermine competition. There is no consensus in the empirical literature, however, to support this claim. In fact, the evidence suggests that while stronger environmental standards hurt competitiveness, stronger labor standards do the opposite. This paper offers one possible explanation for this paradox. In a simple model of incomplete information, externally imposed standards may either increase or decrease the competitiveness of infant firms from developing countries depending on the degree of complementarity between the standard and the production of high-quality goods.     

Do Stringent Environmental Regulations Reduce International Competitiveness? Evidence from an Inter-industry A nalysis

An increasing interest has emerged among policy makers and academics on the question "Do stringent environmental regulations lead to loss of international competitiveness in terms of declining exports and increasing imports compared with those from the countries which have lower environmental standards and regulations?". This paper examines this issue by conducting an inter-industry analysis of New Zealand manufacturing industries. By analysing the patterns and determinants of comparative advantage of 109 industries over the last 13 years, we found no strong evidence to suggest that environmental standards lead to loss of competitiveness.     

我国国际贸易中环境成本转移的实证分析

本文从环境成本转移的概念出发,利用统计数据,计算我国进出口贸易中的环境成本,进而分析贸易对环境的影响。结果表明,污染密集型产业的产品出口在我国占主要优势,且出口增长加重了对环境的污染。在进口贸易中,化学工业、采矿业、塑料、橡胶制品业和金属制品业的净进口向国外转移了最多的环境成本;纺织业与电气机械及器材制造业产品的净出口则向我国转移了最多的环境成本。     

Outward foreign direct investment and green innovation in Chinese multinational companies

This paper investigates the reverse green innovation spillovers of outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) in Chinese multinational companies and how environmental regulation stringency in host countries moderates the relationship between OFDI and green innovation. The empirical analysis is based on an integrated dataset of publicly listed firms from 2008 to 2018. The findings demonstrate a significantly positive relationship between OFDI and the green innovation performance of multinational companies. It is also shown that environmental regulation stringency in host countries positively moderates the relationship between OFDI and green innovation. Further analysis reveals the variation of the findings across multinational companies in host countries at different development stages, with different ownership and in industries with different pollution intensities. The observations in this paper imply that the institutional environment of investment destinations matters for reverse technology spillovers, particularly reverse green technology spillovers from OFDI.     

Determinants of Trade: the Role of Innovation in Presence of Quality Standards

This paper analyses the role that quality standards and innovation play on trade volume, by using a gravity model. The role of innovative activity and quality standards in enhancing trade performance is widely accepted in the literature. However, in this paper, we argue that the net effect of quality standards on trade is affected by the exporter’s ability to innovate and comply with these requirements. In particular, by using a sample of 60 exporting countries and 57 importing countries, for a wide range of 26 manufacturing industries over the period 1995–2000, we show that the most innovative industries are more likely to enhance the overall quality of exports, and then gain a competitive advantage. We also find that this effect depends on the level of technology intensity at industry-level and on the level of economic development of exporting country.     

Trade costs and the Home Market Effect

Most of the theoretical and empirical studies on the Home Market Effect (HME) assume the existence of an “outside good” that absorbs all trade imbalances and equalizes wages. We study the consequences on the HME of removing this assumption. The HME is attenuated and, more interestingly, it becomes non-linear. The non-linearity implies that the HME is more important for very large and very small countries than for medium size countries. The empirical investigation conducted on a database comprising 25 industries, 25 countries, and 7 years confirms the presence of the HME and of its non-linear shape.     

Environmental practices in the wine industry: An empirical application of the theory of reasoned action and stakeholder theory in the United States and New Zealand

Industry transformation related to environmental stewardship has received significant scholarly attention over the past decade. However, limited theoretical and empirical work examines the motivations for improving environmental performance in an industry in different countries. In this paper, we develop a set of hypotheses, based in the theory of reasoned action and stakeholder theory, regarding drivers of the adoption of environmental practices in the wine industries of New Zealand and the United States. We test our hypotheses using data from survey questionnaires collected in each country. Our findings suggest that subjective norms and internal stakeholder pressures are common drivers of the adoption of environmental practices in these two countries. However, managerial attitudes and external stakeholder pressures are not significant drivers. We also find that managerial attitudes and export dependence are stronger determinants of environmental practice adoption in New Zealand compared to the U.S.     

Corporate Environmental Citizenship Variation in Developing Countries: An Institutional Framework

This study focuses on why some companies in developing countries go beyond environmental regulations when implementing their corporate environmental social responsibilities or citizenship behavior. Drawing mainly upon the new institutional theory, this study develops a conceptual framework to explain three institutional factors: companies’ market orientations, industrial characteristics, and corporate identities. Accordingly, we suggest that companies from developing countries that are oriented to markets in developed countries, operate in highly concentrated industries, and have missionary identities adopt corporate environmental citizenship behavior by going beyond environmental regulations. The study also discusses the theoretical, policy, and managerial implications of the conceptual framework.     

Ethics in countries with different cultural dimensions

This paper compares ethics in countries with different cultural dimensions based on empirical data from 12 countries. The results indicate that dimensions of national culture could serve as predictors of the ethical standards desired in a specific society. The author divided societal cultural practices into desired and undesired practices. According to this study, ethics could be seen as the means for achieving a desired state in a society: for reducing some societal characteristics and increasing others. Finally, a model of the impact of cultural dimensions on desired ethical standards is proposed.