沙特阿拉伯技术市场分析

<正> 沙特阿拉伯位于亚洲西南部的阿拉伯半岛,面积为215万平方公里,在西亚国家中居于首位。1990年,全国人口约1490万,国民生产总值为1050.45亿美元,约占整个中东地区国民生产总值的19%。1990年,该国进出口贸易额为551.34亿美元,其中出口310.65亿美元,约占中东地区出口总额的     

借记卡发展势头盖过信用卡

截至2002年底，全球银行卡交易总额约为57826亿美元，其中信用卡交易额28876亿美元，占49．94％，借记卡交易额29004亿美元，占50．04％。信用卡在美国、日本、澳大利亚、香港、新加坡、韩国和台湾等国家及地区的银行卡市场占主导地位；而在法国、德国、荷兰、新西兰、巴西、墨西哥和中国，借记卡是主要支付工具，借记卡的交易量明显超过信用卡；     

中国企业将再掀海外并购潮

数据显示,2010年前11个月,中国企业跨境海外并购占全球并购市场总额约11％,比2009年同期增长32％,出境并购金额高达473亿美元。中国企业总计以近500亿美元收购了280家外国企业。     

非洲国家在全球出口贸易中所占比重上升

非洲国家的出口总额由1996年的1120亿美元上升至2006年的3610亿美元，10年间增加了2倍，在全球出口贸易中所占比重也由2．2％上升到3％。这主要应归功于全球原材料价格的上涨。     

拉丁美洲电子商务增长迅速

2007年拉美地区电子商务交易总额109亿美元，比上年增长40％，电子商务交易总额占地区国内生产总值的0．3％。预计2008年有望达到160亿美元，比上年增长50％。2005年至2007年电子商务增长了121％，特别是委内瑞拉、智利和墨西哥三个国家增速较快。     

抓住机遇 发展同欧盟的经贸关系

一、欧盟是一个发育成熟的统一大市场 从北极到地中海,欧盟横跨12个国家,人口达3.49亿。这是一个发育成熟的统一大市场,商品、科技、金融、劳务和服务等都非常发达,仍是西方发达资本主义世界的心脏和大国争夺的战略重要地区。欧盟的整体实力在世界经济中占有重要地位,1993年国民生产总值6.4万亿美元,占世界国民生产总值的26.5％,出口贸易总额14466亿美元,约占世界出口总额的40％     

在世界市场占有重要地位的马来西亚原产品出口

马来西亚原产品的生产和出口一向是马来西亚经济的一个重要支柱。1985年马来西亚原产品(包括石油,下同)产值292.2亿林吉特,约占其国民生产总值的38%;出口231.6亿林吉特(约合93.4亿美元),约占其出口总额的60%。如不包括石油,则分别约为24%和39%。马来西亚棕油、橡胶和锡等原产品的出口目前在世界市场均属首屈一指。马来西亚原产品的出口发展很快。据统计,1970年马来西亚出口原产品18.9亿美元,1985年增达93.4     

东南亚国家的水产品贸易

世界水产品贸易在1988—1992年5年里从350亿美元上升到450亿美元。东南亚国家联盟(ASEAN)在世界水产贸易中占18.5％的份额。在上述期间内,ASEAN国家的水产品出口增加非常快:泰国增长88％,印度尼西亚为77％,马来西亚为54％,新加坡为39％,文莱为33％,只有菲律宾为-3.3％。1992年该地区水产品进口从1988年的11亿美元增加到19亿美元。进口增长较多的是水产消费较高的国家:泰国、马来西亚和新加坡。泰国进口的大部分水产品是为了再加工和出口。马来西亚保     

对外贸易在西德发展国民经济中的作用

西德是对外贸易十分发达的国家,在其战后经济发展的各个历史时期中,对外贸易都起着特殊重要的作用,占有举足轻重的地位。1981年西德外贸总额达7,661亿马克(折合3,338亿美元)其中出口3,969亿马克,进口3,692亿马克。出口约占世界出口总额的8.9％,仅低于美国(占11.8％),高于日本(占     

全球经济失衡的根源究竟在哪里？

当前，愈演愈烈的全球经济失衡引起国际上广泛关注：一面是美国的巨额贸易逆差和财政赤字节节攀升，一面是中国、日本和亚洲新兴市场国家（地区）的贸易顺差和外汇储备屡创新高。如，2005年美国财政赤字达3190亿美元，贸易逆差达7666亿美元。其中，美国对东亚、中国和日本贸易逆差分别为3551亿美元、2016亿美元（美方统计）和826．8亿美元，分别占美国贸易逆差总额的46．3％、26．3％和10．8％。由于中国是美国最大的贸易逆差来源国，所以欧美等西方国家把人民币升值和解决美国贸易逆差与全球经济失衡联系起来，不断向中国施加政治压力。     

玛卡中生物碱和芥子油苷的提取及其在玛卡酒中的稳定性研究

玛卡酒的组成成分较多,不同成分之间含量的多少影响着酒的品质,需要采取可靠的技术手段对其中的成分进行必要的分析。玛卡中的生物碱及芥子油苷的提取流程比较复杂,对于相关技术的要求非常高。同时,这些生物碱和芥子油苷在玛卡酒中能否稳定存在,必须通过相关的措施进行有效监测,为相关的研究工作提供必要的参考依据。     

New and future research in corporate finance and governance in China and emerging markets

This paper briefly surveys the literature on finance, growth, and policy in China and emerging markets. We introduce the papers that comprise this special issue of Emerging Markets Review. The papers comprise themes in corporate social responsibility, innovation, insider trading, financial reporting behaviours, and financial openness. Also, we discuss research trends and offer suggestions for future research on corporate governance and finance in China and emerging markets.     

Restructuring and Failure in Buy-outs and Buy-ins

In this paper we examine the reasons why buy-outs fail or need to be restructured and identify the implications for managers and investing institutions. It is evident that considerable attention needs to be given to assessing issues concerning industrial sectors, management and financing. In respect of the market, consideration needs to be given both to the nature of the market in which a particular buy-out finds itself and the firm's position within that market. Management is likely to have a crucial role in ensuring that the firm restructures and adapts to changing market circumstances.     

Policies and practice in Denmark and Sweden

Abstract: Danish laws regulating banking and financial services organizations have no consumer protection provisions, although there is one law regulating a particular kind of payment instrument, the Payment Cards Act. However, general consumer protection law applies to banks and other financial services organizations, as well as other kinds of business. In particular, the Marketing Practices and Price Marking and Price Display Acts give responsibilities to the consumer ombudsman. This legal framework is complemented by guidelines issued – after consultation – by the consumer ombudsman, for example on conduct of business in bank advice, mortgage business and distance selling involving payment cards. The Danish system may be summarized as providing for standards of business behaviour laid down in general terms by law, backed by a supervisory authority with little power of coercion but playing an important role in influencing businesses to adopt high consumer protection standards and in negotiating solutions to problems as they emerge. The Swedish system is generally similar, but less advanced in the use of guidelines for the conduct of business. Both countries provide consumers who have unresolved complaints with easy access to alternative dispute resolution systems and the courts are rarely used to establish case law.     

Changing Directions in Consumer Bankruptcy Law and Practice in Europe and USA

The consumer bankruptcy or, rather, consumer debt adjustment, is a fairly recent phenomenon in continental Europe. In the nineties, a number of European countries introduced judicial institutions in order to alleviate an excessive debt burden carried by consumer debtors. In addition to the court proceedings, the European jurisdictions often provide the debtor with debt counselling services, supervision, and payment requirements. In the United States, on the other hand, discharge of debt has been an established principle of bankruptcy law since the late 19th century, and bankruptcy is frequently used by consumer debtors. However, in the US, as well as in Canada, debtors are increasingly encouraged to opt for a payment plan. There seems to be a certain convergent trend between the two different legal cultures. Paradoxically, at the same time scholars have pointed out that the variance in local cultures seems to be a main factor in explanations of how debtors choose either a direct discharge or a payment plan. This finding gives us reason to consider the interplay of counselling and other pre-trial measures and its effect upon the rights and duties of debtors.     

German Investment in Ireland and in the Central and East European Countries

The accession of Central and Eastern European countries (CEECs) to the EU is expected by many to lead to the diversion of foreign direct investment towards the CEECs and away from other EU countries. The following paper focuses on the investigation of the internationalisation strategies and location choices of German multinational corporations (MNCs) in manufacturing against the background of growing regional economic integration, and particularly the fifth EU enlargement. It draws on the findings of a case study and interview results covering three German MNCs and their location choices for investment in both Ireland and the new EU member countries from Eastern Europe. This research project has been co-funded by the RIA in Dublin and DAAD. A first version of this work was presented at the September 2005 Irish Academy of Management Annual Conference in Galway.     

Patterns and determinants of entry and exit in industrial sectors in Sweden

This paper uses a unique dataset which gives a complete picture of the pattern of entry and exit in industrial sectors in Sweden during the period 1997–2001. The importance of profitability, industrial market growth, tangible capital intensity, intangible capital intensity and economies of scale for entry and exit are investigated. A fixed effects panel data model is used, and it is shown that the inclusion of unobserved industry-specific effects explains many of the inter-industrial differences in entry and exit rates. For policymakers, this implies that it is difficult to formulate an entrepreneurship policy that can be expected to be equally successful across all industries. It is also shown that investments in intangible assets is one way to compete, while economies of scale tend to deter entry rates.     

Personalization and hedonic motivation in creating customer experiences and loyalty in omnichannel retail

This study examines the effects of personalization and hedonic motivation on customer experience and its loyalty outcomes in omnichannel retail context. The study develops eight hypotheses which are tested using two survey samples (Finland (n = 2084) and Sweden (n = 2334). In addition, empirical analysis includes 20 semi-structured interviews. The findings support all the hypotheses confirming the positive relationships personalization and hedonic motivation have on cognitive and emotional customer experience components. Further, the positive effects of customer experience on loyalty are confirmed. The results provide both theoretical and managerial insights for improved CX and customer loyalty.