税收和政府支出政策对产出动态冲击效应的计量分析

本文运用结构向量自回归(SVAR)模型方法，研究我国税收和政府支出政策对产出所产生的动态冲击效应。主要结论是：(1)税收的正冲击对产出仅有负的短期效应，即减税的财政政策在短期促进产出增长。政府支出正冲击对产出有正效应，而且其效果是中长期有效的。(2)增税的税收政策抑制私人消费，而扩大政府支出则会促进私人消费；(3)增税的税收政策抑制投资，但扩大政府支出则促进投资。     

基于SVAR模型的居民消费、固定资产投资与经济增长研究

基于结构向量自回归(SVAR)模型,研究我国居民消费、固定资产投资变动和经济波动之间的动态关系。实证结果表明,尽管我国居民消费、固定资产投资变动和经济波动之间存在正动态冲击效应,但持续性不强,并且居民消费、固定资产投资带动经济增长单位效率差。此外,扩大居民消费对经济增长的效力强于扩大固定资产投资产生的效力。     

福利性公共支出与长期经济增长——基于分布滞后模型和动态广义矩的实证研究

本文基于中国省际间1997~2011年的面板数据,利用动态广义矩估计和分布滞后模型,将就业、投资与经济增长纳入统一的理论分析框架,经验评估了福利性公共支出对长期经济增长的直接和间接机制。分析发现,福利性公共支出通过促进就业和投资的间接作用机制增进了长期经济增长;就直接作用机制而言,福利性公共支出增加了税收筹资,造成居民和企业形成税后报酬率下降的预期,反而不利于经济增长。政府在扩大福利性公共支出规模的同时,要借助结构性税收调整和支出政策激励企业扩大就业,通过公共品供给机制效应外溢引导产业间投资要素的优化配置。充分发挥福利性公共支出的就业增长和投资增长功能,才能有效促进均衡的长期经济增长。     

浙江省县域经济持续增长的动态演化机制研究——一个财政支出结构的视角

由美国的次级债引发的全球性金融危机使得全球各国经济都遭受重创,当前促进地区经济发展是政府的当务之急.本文通过从理论层面阐述政府支出结构等因素与经济持续增长的动态演化机制,并对2003-2012年浙江省58个县域政府支出结构对县域经济增长的影响进行了实证分析.研究表明:私人投资、就业人数、政府各项支出与经济增长之间存在长期稳定的协整关系;从静态回归结果看,私人投资、全社会就业人口和政府各项支出对经济增长均有明显的推动作用,无论短期效应还是长期效应,私人投资对经济增长的促进作用最为明显,政府财政支出结构中消费性支出对县域经济增长的长期和短期效应都大于教育事业性支出和科学事业支出,教育事业性支出对县域经济增长的长期促进效应大于科学事业支出,短期则反之.     

消费和社会投资的相互驱动

剖析经济增长的需求结构，分析政府投资、社会投资、政府消费、居民消费和国外需求等主要需求的走势，可以发现目前投资领域开始出现政府投资与社会投资共同拉动经济增长，但政府投资的拉动作用仍略强于社会投资；而消费领域出现的却是政府消费率上升与居民消费率保持低位，消费需求对经济增长拉动作用减弱；外需对经济增长的贡献率起伏不定。继续保持快速增长需要一定规模政府投资的支撑，提高居民收入特别是农村居民收入是扩大居民消费需求的前提，我国经济增长动力机制应由目前的投资主导型转向居民消费、社会投资合力推动型。     

我国政府消费结构不合理对消费率的影响

消费对经济增长具有巨大的拉动作用,我国的总消费率和居民消费率偏低已经严重影响到经济增长,我国政府消费存在严重的结构问题,一方面行政管理费支出增长过快,另一方面对居民消费支出影响的正相关关系的科教文卫支出增长过慢,必须改变政府消费的不合理结构,进而提高居民消费率和总消费率。     

我国西部地区居民消费、投资和经济增长关系的协整分析

运用协整理论证明西部地区居民消费、投资和经济增长之间存在长期稳定的关系。结论是西部地区应选择投资拉动型增长方式,以扩大居民消费来带动投资最终达到促进经济增长的目的。     

金融危机背景下扩大我国居民消费的财政政策研究

由美国次贷危机引发的全球金融危机给以投资和出口为经济增长主要拉动力的我国产生了较大的影响。在这个特殊的背景下,扩大消费尤其是扩大居民消费是拉动我国经济增长的关键。通过对相关数据的整理分析,得出我国居民消费率偏低,消费增长率偏低,城乡居民家庭人均收入和消费性支出差距较大。我国居民消费现状形成的原因是消费能力不足,消费意愿较低。从财政政策的视角,要调整收入分配格局,缩小城乡收入差距,完善社会保障体系,减少居民对住房、教育和医疗的消费性支出,促进居民消费的扩大。     

宏观税负对经济增长影响的实证分析——兼谈减税效应

本文在巴罗模型的基础上,运用回归方法分析发现宏观税负对经济增长的效应为负,同时计算出了使我国经济增长最大化的宏观税负约为18%,这高于我国目前的宏观税负水平,税负需要适当降低,但减税空间并不大.文章进一步对所得税、流转税和财产行为税的减税效应进行分析,发现各税种对促进消费和投资的效应是不同的.最后,针对加强减税效应、扩大民生支出和发挥增税效应方面提出一些政策建议.     

税收与公共人力资本和经济增长的计量分析

基于向量自回归(VAR)模型的计量分析表明,1978-2008年我国税收、公共人力资本积累、经济增长之间具有唯一的协整关系.在长期,公共人力资本每增加1%,GDP增加2.05%;税收每增加1%.GDP战少1.43%.税收增长对公共人力资本积累具有持久的积极作用.政府应该加大公共教育的投入,增加公共人力资本积累.但因税收增长对经济增长有负效应,应注意优化预算支出结构,节省财力扩大公共教育支出.     

Fiscal Policy in an Endogenous Growth Model with Productive Government Spending

The goal of this paper is to analyse the effects of fiscal policy upon the long-run balanced growth rate in an endogenous growth model in which sustained per capita growth is the result of productive government spending. Assuming that labour is supplied inelastically, it is shown that increases in non-productive government spending, i.e. public consumption or lump-sum transfers, always reduce the balanced growth rate, whereas there exists a growth-maximizing investment subsidy rate and income tax rate. Moreover, a rise in a tax on consumption increases economic growth if it raises public investment. If labour supply is elastic the elasticity of labour supply crucially determines the growth-maximizing income tax rate and an increase in the tax on consumption may raise or lower economic growth.     

Determinants of Fresh and Frozen Fruit and Vegetable Expenditures in Turkish Households: A Bivariate Tobit Model Approach

In this study, we have identified the effects of socio-demographic and economic factors of household heads and households on monthly expenditures of fresh and frozen fruit and vegetable in Turkey using the bivariate Tobit model. The results show that both the probability and monthly spending levels of household fruit and vegetable consumption increase with increasing in age of household heads, educational levels of household heads, married household heads, household income, and the number of adults in a family, while male-headed households, working household heads, the households that receive in-kind help from the government or private sector, and the use of internet at home decrease both the likelihood and spending levels of fruit and vegetable consumption in Turkey. The results in the study may contribute to the stakeholders to identify and implement effective marketing strategies and also develop more effective policies for the government to improve nutritional levels for certain dwellings for which the government include them in the certain state-initiated benefit program.     

Faster growth and greater fiscal responsibility are possible

The growth in spending on entitlement programs has left the United States in a fiscally untenable position. Putting the country on more stable fiscal footing requires a two-pronged approach designed to constrain the growth in spending and to spur economic growth. There are ample opportunities to reduce spending while maintaining or improving current levels of government service by implementing progressive entitlement reform reducing regulatory burdens or improving efficiency in healthcare provision through market-based reform. Achieving higher economic growth is similarly possible, but will require real tax reform geared toward unlocking capital for investment, as well as immigration reform and greater support for work for low-income Americans.     

Government Spending Composition in an Endogenous Growth Model with Congestion

We build an endogenous growth model in which government expenditure is divided into public consumption and investment in public capital, and where both components suffer from some degree of congestion. We demonstrate that the socially optimal growth rate is negatively related to the degree of congestion. As regards the optimal share of government spending on infrastructure, we prove that an increase in congestion leads to a decrease in this share and that the optimal share of government spending on output can increase or decrease with congestion. In addition, we compare the social planner optimum with the second‐best outcome and show that, in this second case, welfare is lower. In this framework, we derive a necessary condition, which must hold in the second‐best equilibrium, involving the income tax rate and the share of government spending on public investment.     

投资增长与居民消费增长间相互影响的分析

针对我国近年来出现的内需不足问题,本文通过建立模型,对政府投资、民间投资、居民消费增长之间相互影响关系做了简要分析,提出经济要想持续健康地发展,投资增长与居民消费增长必须同步;投资增长不能只为了促进经济增长,而应该带动居民消费,提高居民生活水平等观点。     

公私医疗卫生支出与经济增长关系的实证分析

众所周知,医疗卫生支出不仅关系到一个国家社会福利政策的规划,还对经济增长具有不可忽略的促进作用。然而,现有文献对于医疗卫生支出与经济增长关系之间的研究结论却是众说纷纭。鉴于此,本文根据医疗卫生支出的支付主体,将其分为政府医疗卫生支出和居民医疗卫生支出,并通过建立双向固定效应模型对公私医疗卫生支出对经济增长的影响进行分析。结果显示：从全国平均水平来看,政府医疗卫生支出每增长100％,带动经济增长12．08％,居民医疗卫生支出每增长100％,带动经济增长15．85％;但与此同时,考虑到不同地区的经济发展非均衡化时,政府医疗卫生支出和居民医疗卫生支出带动经济增长的效应差异甚大,其中政府医疗卫生支出对经济增长呈现“倒U型”效应,而居民医疗卫生支出对经济增长呈现“阶梯型”效应。     

我国公共支出规模对经济增长影响效应的实证分析

文章运用柯布-道格拉斯生产函数的基本形式,推导出最优稳态经济增长率,并得出当政府设定的收入税税率等于政府财政支出带来的对市场生产的边际产出弹性时,政府财政支出规模处于最佳状态。通过我国公共支出规模对经济增长影响效应的实证分析,发现我国公共支出规模对经济增长具有正面影响。     

Endogenous cyclical corporate tax burden in China: The role of tax quotas and growth targets

Using data from China Annual Survey of Industrial Firms and addressing potential endogeneity problem, we find that corporate tax burden in China is procyclical during recessions and countercyclical during booms. The cyclicality is stronger for enterprises whose corporate income taxes are levied by Local Tax Bureau (LTB). Procyclicality of corporate tax burden during recessions is larger for enterprises located in county, non-state-owned enterprises (non-SOEs), non-high-tech enterprises and large-medium enterprises. Furthermore, tax quotas and growth targets of local governments enhance procyclicality during recessions and the countercyclicality of corporate tax burden during booms. Tax collection and government spending are important channels through which tax quotas and growth targets affect the cyclicality of corporate tax burden, respectively. This paper provides important policy implications for China during economic recessions.     

政府支出对居民消费的影响研究--基于空间动态面板模型的分析

本文在居民消费效用最大化的理论背景下,结合统计年鉴相关数据,利用空间动态面板模型,研究了1997-2013年中国的政府支出对全体居民、城镇居民以及农村居民消费的影响。研究结果表明：居民消费存在显著的习惯效应,政府支出和居民收入增加会促进居民消费,各省份之间居民消费既可能存在相互促进的关系,也可能存在相互竞争的关系。因此为了促进居民消费,需要适当地保持较好的消费习惯,改变不良的消费习惯,注意省份之间的密切合作,现阶段可以增加政府支出,来刺激居民消费,特别是农村居民消费,另外还需要提高城镇居民可支配收入和农村居民纯收入。