零供关系中零售商的三重角色分析

现代零售产业的迅速发展带来零供关系的变化,零售商充当着供应商的客户、竞争者、供货商三重角色,加剧了供应商对零售商的经济依赖性,促使零售商买方势力的形成。在辨明零售商买方势力的短期影响和长期影响前提下,可从反垄断角度和反不正当竞争角度,对零售商行使买方势力行为进行规制。     

零售商抗衡势力假说研究评述

文章以纵向市场结构为背景对零售商买方势力进行了较为清晰的界定,并依据买方势力的福利影响区分买方垄断势力和买方抗衡势力。然后从理论模型、经验研究和实验设计等方面,系统综述了零售商抗衡势力的测度方法及其对市场价格、市场绩效和社会福利影响的相关研究进展,以此对我国零售业实施相关的规制政策提供一定的理论指导和经验借鉴。     

零售商买方势力理论研究述评

随着零售业集中化趋势不断增强和大型零售商不断涌现,零售商买方势力日益突出.买方势力问题已经受到了理论界和产业界的高度关注.文章梳理了买方势力理论研究的主要成果,从买方势力的内涵、形成因素、经济效应和政府规制等几个方面系统地阐述了买方势力理论的研究进展,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望.     

论零售商经营规模与买方势力的经济关系

卖方市场逐步演变为买方市场,意味着需求成为制约经济增长的关键因素.在此背景下,零售商的买方势力开始凸显并受到社会关注,本文认为,零售商买方势力和经营规模都是零售企业发展目标的具体体现,零售商经营规模扩张能促进买方势力的形成,但是反之未然.我国进入零售产业整合时期,零售商经营规模的扩张是今后的趋势,与此同时,零售商的买方势力呈现增强态势.     

零售商买方势力对供应商的影响分析

现代零供关系中,供应商对零售商具有更高程度的经济依赖性,促成了零售商买方势力。短期内零售商行使买方势力会阻碍供应商获取利润、扭曲供应商间的竞争,但以动态的视角分析,零售商买方势力的存在有利于上游市场保持竞争性、激励供应商进行创新,相关部门应综合考虑零售商买方势力对供应商的影响从四个方面进行规制。     

浅析大型零售商买方势力的同业影响

规模的扩大促成了零售商在上游市场形成买方势力,大型零售商行使买方势力的行为对下游零售市场的同业竞争者产生三方面的影响:市场圈定效应、水床效应、反水床效应,针对零售商买方势力的政府竞争政策应考虑到零售商买方势力的正面影响和负面影响。     

基于加尔布雷斯假说的零售业买方势力理论思辨

伴随着我国零售商买方势力的形成,加尔布雷斯假说再次成为学术界的热点议题。加尔布雷斯假说所阐述的"抗衡势力提升消费者剩余"的观点,与业界对"大型零售商凭借买方势力破坏公平竞争"的诟病构成了看似无法调和的矛盾。通过理论思辩,本文论证了只有实现规模经济的零售商集中才能促进消费者福利的提升,大型零售商的买方势力在同质化竞争下是有损市场竞争的。因此,需要积极引导我国大型零售商实现规模经济,推动小型零售商差异化经营,以优化零售业的市场竞争格局,促进我国零售业健康发展。     

零售商买方势力的消费者福利效应分析

伴随零售商经营规模的扩张,大规模零售商在上游市场拥有的买方势力越来越强,买方势力的存在改变了供应商和零售商的经营决策,由此波及下游市场产品价格、产品种类及产品质量的高低水平,消费者福利水平因此受到影响。     

零售商买方势力的滥用及其对策研究

零售商的连锁化、规模化和零售商为主导的供应链是经济发展的必然趋势 ,这种趋势对经济效率与社会福利具有正面影响 ,但伴随而来的是零售业竞争的扭曲 ,大型零售商滥用其买方势力侵害供应商与消费者利益 ,从而对经济效率与社会福利造成损害 ,因此 ,政府在制定相关政策时须在利弊间权衡。本文试图通过理论分析 ,探讨正确认识和评价零售商买方势力的方法 ,寻求解决上述问题的途径。     

双边议价框架内主导零售商买方势力及政府规制取向

在双边议价框架内,外部选择价值决定纵向关系中交易双方各自的议价势力。规模以及作为产品进入市场的"守门人"角色是主导零售商自身所具备的影响外部选择价值的因素,是主导零售商买方势力的主要来源。在对称性寡头竞争的零售市场,主导零售商的买方势力产生有益的"抵消效应",而在非对称性寡头竞争的零售市场,主导零售商的买方势力可能产生有害的"水床效应"。"水床效应"既可能会加剧零售市场垄断化趋势,又可能损害消费者福利。因此,政府规制应高度关注主导零售商的市场兼并行为,高度关注主导零售商剥削中小供应商的行为,高度关注主导零售商过度低价促销行为。     

Buyer Power and its Impact on Competition in the Food Retail Distribution Sector of the European Union

In recent years, there has been significant consolidation and concentration in food retail distribution in the European Union, as our paper documents. We examine the implications of this from the social welfare viewpoint. Our focus is on buyer power, since a commonly held view is that, arising from increased concentration, it may be a buffer to significant manufacturer power. We investigate the issue both theoretically and through data and case study work. We suggest the market will develop into a concentrated pattern across Europe, but that the eventual impact on consumers will depend significantly on the nature and form of competition between large retail chains and how well buying groups ensure that even the smaller retailers can compete on an effective basis.     

买方势力对上游厂商技术创新的影响研究——基于中国上市公司面板数据的实证检验

买方势力对上游厂商创新的影响研究，近年来引起了学者的广泛关注。文章利用2008-2016年中国9个行业共247家上市企业数据，考察买方势力对上游厂商创新活动的影响。研究发现：买方势力对上游厂商技术创新的影响与卖方势力相关，卖方势力显著正向调节买方势力与厂商创新的关系。平均而言，买方势力对厂商的技术创新有显著正向影响。这一结论在调试样本、更换变量后仍然成立。进一步研究发现：买方势力对上游厂商技术创新的影响因厂商初始创新水平、所在城市发展水平、自身规模的不同而有所差异，表现为初始创新水平越高、城市发展水平越高、规模越小，买方势力对上游厂商技术创新的促进作用越显著。     

The impact of retail buyer innovativeness on suppliers’ adaptive selling in Japanese buyer–supplier relationships

Abstract

We investigate the critical role of retail buyer innovativeness in Japanese buyer–supplier relationships and explore its link to suppliers’ adaptive selling, cooperative relationships, and retail competitiveness. Further, we examine how process conflict between merchandizing and store divisions moderates the relationship between retail buyer innovativeness and suppliers’ adaptive selling. This study employs a structural equation model using survey data from 246 heads of merchandizing divisions at Japanese retail companies. Our findings highlight the importance of both mitigating process conflict and facilitating suppliers’ adaptive selling in order to improve Japanese retailers’ competitiveness, especially when buyers are highly innovative.     

A Stakeholder Perspective on Buyer–Supplier Conflict

This study seeks to investigate how stakeholder power and an organization's pursuit of legitimacy influence its reaction to conflict with a supplier. We conducted an empirical study among travel agents and tour operators to test the relationship between conflict and stakeholder power and legitimacy derived from three different stakeholders. Our findings imply that power has a dual role. Whereas supplier power reduces buyer–supplier conflict, stakeholder power increases it. Moreover, this study shows that the quest to achieve greater legitimacy from the firm's competitive arena increases conflict. This study is one of the few that test stakeholder theory empirically. We demonstrate that stakeholder theory provides additional explanations above the hitherto taken dyadic approach toward understanding conflict. This study also shows that power can simultaneously reduce and increase conflict depending on which party possesses power. Greater supplier power decreases conflict, while greater stakeholder power and stakeholder-derived legitimacy increases it. Therefore, organizations have to balance their stakeholder and supplier interests.     

纵向市场结构与企业创新——一个文献综述

创新是企业乃至整个经济发展的源动力,受到了社会各界的广泛关注。其中,企业创新的影响因素是学术界研究的焦点问题。“熊彼特假说”提出之后,大量的研究讨论了横向市场结构对企业创新的影响。然而近年来,随着部分行业上下游企业间市场势力的变化,学者们开始将目光转向纵向市场结构,特别是随着部分行业中买方势力的不断增强,买方势力对上游企业创新的影响受到了学者们的重点关注。本文梳理了国内外有关纵向市场结构对企业创新影响的研究成果,以期为国内相关领域的理论研究和政策实践提供一些借鉴。     

Corporate Social Responsibility–Oriented Compliances and SMEs Access to Global Market: Evidence from Bangladesh

The convergence of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and corporate governance has immense impact on the participants in global supply chains. The global buyers and retailers tend to incorporate CSR in all stages of product manufacturing within their supply chains. The incorporated CSR thus creates the difficulty to small- and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises (SMEs). Incompetence in standardized CSR practices is an important issue that causes SMEs either losing their scope to access global market directly or serving as subcontractors to large enterprises. This article explores this issue by focusing on Bangladeshi SMEs under the CSR requirement of the important global buyer.     

Buyer Power,Transport Cost and Welfare

Manufacturers produce substitute products and sell to consumers in a linear city through competing retail stores. A low cost store obtains large market share by selling at low prices. Assume that a big retailer may exert buyer power by demanding wholesale discounts from manufacturers. The model identifies exclusionary effects of buyer power against competing retailers. It is also found that certain level of buyer power of a discount retailer may maximize social welfare, while that of a regular price retailer may maximize total consumer surplus. Nevertheless, excessive buyer power hurts both consumers and society.