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1.
《Business History》2012,54(5):789-815
Many nineteenth-century historians claimed that the English East India Company's trade and commercial activities, right from inception, were never really a financially profitable enterprise. This argument is incorporated within an altered structure–conduct–performance (SCP) paradigm to rearticulate the Company's history between 1600 and 1765. Rather than characterising the Company as simply a chartered monopoly, the article instead argues that the market structure in which it operated was competitive or contestable but, at the same time, wrought with high sunk costs and free-riders. This framework allows us to understand why the Company desperately pursued market conduct strategies to gain monopoly and monopsony power in England and India respectively, which simultaneously contributed to its transformation from merchant to merchant-ruler. In this process the Company redefined not merely industry boundaries but also those between industry and state.  相似文献   

2.
    
The present study attempts to provide insight into the trade creation and trade diversion effects of ASEAN-India Free Trade Agreement in goods, which came into force in 2010. The paper applies a theoretically consistent gravity model and uses empirically robust procedures such as ordinary least squares and pseudo-Poisson maximum likelihood in order to analyze the ex post effects of the agreement at an aggregate level. The results reveal that standard gravity variables are statistically significant and report expected signs, yet a reduction in export flows has been observed following the implementation of the free trade agreement, giving rise to pure trade diversion effects.  相似文献   

3.
浅析东亚多层次合作现状及趋向   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
东亚地区的经贸合作存在多层次性,但从长期来看,这些多层次合作将归于东亚自由贸易区。这不仅由世界经济一体化的趋势决定,更是东亚各国经济发展的需要。在朝向自由贸易区的进程中,东亚各国要目标一致,在借鉴其他区域组织成功经验的同时,设计适合自身的合作框架。  相似文献   

4.
东亚经济的快速发展推动了东亚区域一体化的进程,但建立广泛的一体化经济是一个长期过程。因此建立双边及多边FTA是目前我国现实可行的中期战略。从经济发展水平、经济结构、贸易状况、贸易策略四个方面对中国与东盟、日韩建立FTA进行比较分析。结果显示,中国应加强与东亚各国的贸易,在推进CAFTA时,广泛开展产业内贸易,优化产业结构,推动经济结构形成互补,避免恶性竞争。和中日韩建立FTA时,应提高产品的质量和科技含量,增加出口产品附加值,加速产业结构的优化升级。  相似文献   

5.
In the context of stalled multilateral trade negotiations, major trading economies are seeking free trade agreements (FTAs) to secure their market access objectives. Nowhere is this dynamic stronger than in East Asia, where a web of bilateral and plurilateral agreements is stitching together piecewise an Asian free trade area that could plausibly rival the EU and NAFTA trade blocs and where the possibility of a formal pan-Asian agreement has been raised. Taiwan has been largely excluded from this dynamic. However, with the June 29, 2010 signing of the Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement (ECFA) with China, the possibility of Taiwan joining the FTA dance in East Asia would appear to have been greatly strengthened as the advocates had anticipated. This article considers the economic and trade implications of Taiwan's participation versus non-participation in an emerging East Asian trade bloc. We support our analysis with simulations using the GTAP computable general equilibrium model. The article finds that the benefits to Taiwan of participating in such a bloc have increased, as have the opportunity costs of exclusion, since the share of East Asian partners in its trade has risen.  相似文献   

6.
刑法将集资诈骗罪作为普通诈骗罪的特殊类型予以规定,原本符合集资诈骗罪的情形必然符合诈骗罪。然而,由于司法机关在办案过程中对集资诈骗罪的解读不甚严谨,产生了诸多误区。其实,对集资诈骗罪中的“非法占有目的”认定不能仅仅根据司法解释而做简单的推定,对“社会公众”的理解也不可望文生义,只有正确解读好本罪中的这两个要素,才能对集资诈骗案件进行正确认定。  相似文献   

7.
食品安全是食品贸易中的焦点问题,受到发达国家官方标准和私营标准的共同关注。文章从官方标准和私营标准的内涵出发,阐述了二者的发展趋势及相互关系,分析了用于约束官方标准的SPS协议的主要原则及私营标准与SPS协议的冲突之处。研究发现,发达国家食品安全的官方标准和私营标准均越来越严格,私营标准比官方标准更为广泛和严格,私营标准尚不受SPS协议约束,且在科学依据、透明度、等效性等方面违背了SPS协议的原则。  相似文献   

8.
王玉晶 《北方经贸》2005,(11):18-19
本土化公关成为跨国公司在中国经营的重要手段,主要表现为政府公关、体育公关、文化公关、危机公关、灰色公关等形式。良好的政府公关、体育公关、文化公关可以树立企业形象,增强公众亲和力,扩宽信息渠道,获得媒体的柔性宣传,为跨国公司在中国的发展起到巨大作用。同时,危机公关方面表现的欠佳和灰色公关的不正确使用,使得跨国公司的本土化公关仍有亟待改进之处。研究借鉴跨国公司本土化公关,有利于我国企业实施“走出去”策略。  相似文献   

9.
近年来,中国加快了自贸区建设的推进速度,截至2019年底,已签订了17个自贸协定。相对而言,中国签订的自贸协定规则覆盖面还比较小、规则标准还比较低。与此同时,以CPTPP、USMCA协定为代表的高标准自贸协定,形成了数字贸易规则、知识产权规则、国有企业规则等多个非传统领域规则。我国应坚持长期宏观战略利益高于短期经济利益、先广覆盖后高标准价值导向和大型新兴经济体与发达经济体自贸谈判并重的原则,从组织上建立直属于最高决策机构的高标准自贸区战略机构、加强对非传统领域议题的整理与研究、建立针对新规则的损益衡量指标体系、健全高标准自贸区谈判的产业受损补偿机制,加快推进我国高标准自贸区建设。  相似文献   

10.
国际贸易中企业环境责任的新发展及其启示   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
企业环境责任成为近年来国际贸易领域人们关注和研究的重要议题。文章分析了在经济全球化和环境运动不断发展的背景下,企业环境责任新的发展趋势,并对我国如何采取积极措施,促进企业承担环境责任、应对绿色贸易壁垒等问题进行了研究。  相似文献   

11.
政府规制(Government Regulation)是政府部门利用国家强制权依照一定的法规对微观经济主体活动进行的经济干预,其目标是克服市场失灵,实现社会福利的最大化。本文以自然垄断与政府规制的相关性分析为基础,着重分析了政府规制在自然垄断行业中失灵的表现及原因。同时,建设性地认为有限理性约束是导致政府规制失灵的根本原因,并据此提出了政府规制有效促进自然垄断行业健康发展的政策建议。  相似文献   

12.
    
This paper examines the effects of a cross-regional free trade agreement (FTA) on tariffs, welfare, and the incentives for multilateral free trade in a three-country model with a vertical industry structure. We show that the FTA induces member countries to reduce their tariffs on nonmember countries. On the other hand, a nonmember country lowers its tariff on final-good imports, but raises its tariff on intermediate-good imports. Also, the FTA makes member and nonmember countries better off. After the FTA is enacted, member and nonmember countries have an incentive to support multilateral free trade, so an FTA acts as a building block for multilateral trade liberalization.  相似文献   

13.
李勇军  张大成 《财贸研究》2006,17(1):133-138
在科技进步的冲击下,传统自然垄断行业发生了一系列变迁,致使传统规制方法难以应对。这一状况在我国已加入WTO的形势下日显严峻。而勾勒规制新轮廓、提倡规制新思想无疑是解决问题的一剂良方。笔者认为,应借鉴国内外相关规制经验,在变迁中合理搭建规制平台,细化各种规制手段和方法及其运作程序,以实现结构与内容的整合和各种规制方法与手段的良性互动,从而消除自然垄断的负面效应,发挥其积极作用。  相似文献   

14.
目前,跨国公司内部贸易的存在与发展,极大地带动了其母国进出口贸易规模的扩大,且由于海外子公司的大量返销行为,带动了母国国内产业结构的升级。应从有效利用其母子公司间的内部贸易,达到公司整体利益的最大化,实现对国内经济的拉动效应等方面得出对中国企业跨国经营的启示。  相似文献   

15.
    
Price-equivalent import tariffs and quotas are compared when domestic production is controlled by a monopolist, say an agricultural marketing board with the power to restrict domestic supply, under endogenous terms of trade. Welfare comparisons boil down to sourcing costs comparisons. Quotas tend to dominate at high domestic prices, ad valorem tariffs at intermediate prices and specific tariffs at low domestic prices. Welfare maxima are achieved with more restrictive policies than under perfect competition. These results rationalize separate negotiations for sensitive products in the Doha Round and the setting of tariff-rate quotas that mimic import quotas for these products. Finally, in ascertaining the robustness of our policy ranking to the choice of variable anchoring the comparisons, we found that specific tariffs unambiguously dominate ad valorem tariffs and quotas when government revenue or imports anchor the comparisons. However, some quota revenues and import levels cannot be achieved with tariffs.  相似文献   

16.
India and the Global Economy   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
India’s booming knowledge-based sectors demonstrate the power of globalization to transform developing economies. For India, however, these industries are just part of its contribution to the global economy. For a more nuanced picture of India’s international economic position, this paper places India in international and historical context, examines its links to the world through trade, labor, and capital, and outlines some critical challenges facing the country. What emerges is a more complex picture of India -- a nation with far more to offer than skilled programmers but which must address problems of poverty, infrastructure, and governance to achieve its potential. JEL Classification O530  相似文献   

17.
近几年来,中国与印度的农产品双边贸易发展较快,不断增长的趋势明显,但双边贸易的不稳定性与不平衡性亦显得尤为突出。文章从实证分析的角度出发,利用出口集中度指数、产业内贸易指数、显性比较优势指数、贸易互补性指数等方法分析中印农产品双边贸易的现状、产品结构、发展趋势等问题。研究发现:中印两国在农产品贸易方面具有出口集中度高、以产业间贸易为主、优势农产品差异明显、双边贸易互补性强、发展潜力巨大等特征。  相似文献   

18.
在经济思想史的传统框架中,重商主义被视为一种强调商品经济发展的经济理论。特朗普就任美国总统以来,通过经济政策上回归重商主义,利用一系列的贸易保护和就业保护政策以实现再工业化,从而导致新重商主义在全球经济领域复苏。通过对于重商主义经济思想的回溯与分析,本文发现,作为一门民族国家的经济发展理论,重商主义虽然在政策上强调行政干预和政府垄断,在商业史观上强调对商品贸易的管制,但其政策效果对于制造业的发展却优先于商业经济发展;不但没有把商业经济纳入国家经济发展的核心动力,反而在较长的时间内抑制了商业贸易的发展,显得重商主义名不符实。重商主义作为资本主义经济成长初期的重要经济理论,更多地表现为追求国家经济崛起、财政收入增长的国家发展主义,其价值绝非简单的封闭保护主义。在今天经济全球化分工的体系下,所谓的新重商主义更多地表现为以贸易保护为名的贸易单边主义和霸凌主义,其与重商主义时代扶持民族幼稚产业成长、构筑民族产业体系的政策目标大不相同。  相似文献   

19.
我国自贸试验区负面清单的外资管理模式在本质上给外资和内资企业创造了公平竞争的市场法制环境,这种管理模式顺应了国际投资规则发展的新趋势,与我国正在进行的行政体制改革相契合。在负面清单模式下,我国政府监管体系在理念、体制和效果上面临重重挑战。自贸试验区的设立以开放投资为起点,以开放促进改革,政府管理由事前审批逐步转为事中事后监管,最终落实政府职能的根本性转变。负面清单模式的完善不仅应着力于修订负面清单文本,更为重要的是建立和完善事中事后监管制度。自贸试验区的事中事后监管在理念转变、立法完善、监管主体等方面还存在一些问题。应该从转变监管理念、完善立法、构建信息平台、监管主体多元化和完善社会征信体系等方面对事中事后监管制度进行完善。  相似文献   

20.
自然垄断产业大多是民生性行业,民生行业大多提供的是准公共产品。政府管制是行政机构制定并执行的直接干预市场机制或间接改变企业和消费者供需决策的一般规则或特殊行为.它体现着一种政府与市场、企业的关系。在社会主义市场经济条件下,实施政府对经济的有效管制是不可或缺的,也是经济发展的内在要求。对自然垄断产业有效政府管制需要具备对自然垄断产业边界的准确界定、市场失灵及有效的管制体制等前提条件。  相似文献   

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