政府补助与中小企业融资约束——异质性作用结果与机制研究

市场失灵使得政府补助近年来成为缓解中小企业融资约束、提高融资效率的重要手段,但对其作用机制还缺乏深入的讨论。本文选取2007-2016年中国中小板和创业板4543家上市公司样本,实证检验政府补助对于中小企业融资约束的影响结果和作用机制,并从企业生命周期、所有制类型和经营状况等维度进行了异质性分析。研究结果表明:财政补贴、税收优惠等政府补助行为有利于缓解中小企业融资约束;财政补贴、税收优惠政策工具的作用结果存在显著差异性;成长期、国有化程度低、经营绩效欠佳的中小企业面临着更为显著的融资压力,政府补助的作用效果也最为明显;政府补助产生了一定的信号作用,有利于消除资金供需双方的信息不对称,提高中小企业的外部融资能力。因此,应加大政府补助、因企施策和进一步发挥信号机制缓解中小企业融资约束。     

政府补助对企业融资约束的缓解作用———基于所有权性质的差异性视角

以 2015~2017 年我国中小板上市公司的数据为基础,基于企业所有权的差异化视角对我国政府补助与融资约束之间的关系进行检验。 研究发现,政府补助能够缓解企业受到的融资约束,同时对于融资约束的缓解作用在非国有企业中更为显著。     

企业数字化转型、信息透明度与融资约束

数字经济时代背景下,数字化转型是实现企业高质量经济发展的重要途径。文章以2012—2021年A股上市公司数据为研究样本,探究企业数字化转型对于融资约束的影响。研究发现：数字化转型能够缓解融资约束;作用机制检验发现,企业进行数字化转型提高了信息透明度,从而缓解融资约束;异质性分析结果表明,相较于获得政府补助高的企业,低政府补助企业数字化转型对于融资约束的缓解作用更为显著。     

我国民营企业融资约束与对策

企业的融资约束会直接影响企业投资效率和结构.我国民营企业普遍面临严重的融资约束问题,股权融资和债务融资都十分困难,这使得其投资往往不足,倾向于"短、平、快"投资和多元化投资,投资缺乏科学性.缓解民营企业融资约束应稳步推行利率市场化改革,构建两者之间紧密型银企关系,大力发展民营地方性中小金融机构,积极发展多层次资本市场,加大政府对民营中小企业融资的扶持力度.     

供给侧改革背景下政府补助化解产能过剩——以钢铁行业为例

供给侧结构性改革已成为中国经济改革工作的重中之重,在供给侧结构性改革的五大任务中,化解产能过剩是供给侧结构性改革的首要任务。在当前供给侧结构性改革背景下,中央政府力图通过"专项奖补资金"的形式,用政府补助化解过剩产能。为此,总结了政府补助的经济效益和社会效益,结合钢铁行业的实际案例,针对供给侧结构性改革背景下政府补助如何作用于供给端,化解产能过剩提出政策建议:政府补助不应对产能过剩严重的亏损企业进行大量补助、政府补助要专款专用、政府补助要用于发展新产能、支持新的吸纳就业产业的发展等。     

浅析融资约束下的企业投资理论

企业的生存与发展离不开投资,而投资离不开资金的支持,如何识别投资机会以及表征企业面临的融资约束就成为了企业投资理中要直接面对的问题。本文介绍了融资约束下企业相关投资理论模型,并对其在实证中的应用进行了归纳和总结。     

企业创新面临的融资约束问题研究

本文选取2015年-2020年我国A股制造行业上市公司作为样本企业，分析了融资约束对企业创新的影响，以及政府补贴对二者的影响。研究表明：融资约束会制约企业的创新水平；政府补贴能够缓解企业创新过程中的融资约束问题。本文引入了政府补贴变量，从宏观层面来论述在企业具有政府补贴的情况下是否能够对创新过程中融资约束问题带来影响，从而提出具体针对性建议。     

宏观经济政策、融资约束与企业融资结构调整——基于我国上市公司的经验数据

本文主要研究宏观经济政策与微观特征因素对企业融资结构调整所产生的联合效应,在理论分析基础上,以我国上市公司为样本进行实证分析,得出如下结论:从宏观经济政策因素看,财政政策和货币政策的扩张都加快了企业融资结构的调整速度,且这种影响对国有与非国有企业存在差异;企业所受的融资约束显著降低了企业的融资结构调整速度;与非融资约束企业相比,扩张性宏观经济政策对融资约束企业的融资结构调整速度所起到的促进作用更为显著.     

产权、市场化与非上市企业的融资困境

本文通过探讨产权和市场化程度对企业面临的融资歧视和融资约束的影响,来揭示非上市企业面临的融资困境。结论如下:对于融资歧视,国有企业比民营企业有着更强的借贷能力,且市场化程度上升会促使企业优化债务期限结构,而国有企业更能利用这种优化债务期限结构的机会。对于融资约束问题,国有和民营企业均受融资约束影响,无显著不同。     

多元化经营缓解了非产业政策扶持企业融资约束吗

以2006—2015年A股上市公司为研究样本,实证检验多元化经营战略对非产业政策扶持企业融资约束的缓解作用。结果表明:不属于产业政策支持行业的企业面临着更高的融资约束,而采取多元化经营能有效缓解融资约束;多元化经营的缓解效应在公司治理水平较高的企业、民营企业以及金融发展水平较低地区的企业更为明显;多元化经营在缓解非产业政策扶持企业融资约束的同时,还显著提高了企业的投资效率。     

金融服务部门开放对制造业企业技术创新的影响

金融服务部门开放提供了更多的优质金融服务,便利了企业融资,为企业技术创新提供支持。为系统研究金融服务部门开放与制造业企业技术创新之间的关系,本文在理论分析的基础上,基于世界银行微观企业调研数据库和服务贸易限制数据库,实证分析了金融服务部门开放对企业技术创新活动的影响。研究发现,金融服务部门开放促进了制造业企业技术创新;进一步引入行业特征的分析表明,高外部融资依赖企业的技术创新活动受金融服务部门开放的影响更大,金融服务部门的开放将更有效地促进这类企业技术创新活动的蓬勃发展。本文研究证实融资纾解效应是金融服务部门开放影响企业技术创新活动的主要渠道。     

地方国有企业的投融资期限错配:成因与治理

地方国有企业是中国经济发展的中坚力量,在供给侧结构性改革中应发挥带头作用,成为改革的主力军和先行者。目前地方国有企业存在的突出困境是债务水平过高,且面临较为严重的投融资期限错配问题。本文以2005—2013年中国工业企业数据库(CIED)中规模以上的非上市国有企业为样本,构建"投资-负债"模型分析短期债务变化量和长期投资额之间的动态关系,从预算软约束和金融市场结构两个维度剖析造成国有企业投融资期限错配的内在机理。研究发现:(1)我国央企和地方国企的投资更依赖新增债务而非留存收益,预算软约束问题严重;(2)金融市场提供长期资金的能力不足,国有企业进行长期债务融资的渠道受限;(3)国有企业的投资活动更依赖新增短期债务,存在投融资期限错配问题,且地方国有企业的投融资期限错配问题更加严重。本文的研究结果表明,为了实现地方国有企业去杠杆并优化债务结构,应从国企本身、银行信贷、政府行为和资本市场等方面进行综合治理,以提升地方国有企业的内源融资能力,并完善金融市场结构。     

地方政府行为、融资约束与企业研发投入

本文构建了一个包含政府干预和融资约束的企业研发决策模型,从融资约束的视角考察地方政府行为对企业研发活动的影响。研究发现,企业遭受融资约束程度越深,政府干预程度就越低,企业研发投入也越少。在此基础上,运用2008-2014年中国上市公司数据的实证检验结果支持了理论部分的主要结论:我国上市公司的融资约束问题显著抑制了企业研发投入,政府干预则显著提升了企业研发水平,融资约束在政府干预与企业研发投入的关系中起弱化的调节作用。在政府干预程度较低地区或在民营企业组,融资约束对企业研发的抑制作用较大。结合企业规模和企业年龄的分样本回归结果显示,中小企业、年幼企业的融资约束问题更加突出,中小企业和成熟企业的政府干预程度更深。本文的研究对理解现阶段中国企业研发的融资困境、弱化金融扭曲、促进经济增长方式根本转变具有启示意义。     

The Social Responsibilities of International Business Firms in Developing Areas

Three principles must be taken into account in assessing the social responsibilities of international business firms in developing areas. The first is an awareness of the historical and institutional dynamics of local communities. This influences the type and range of responsibilities the firm can be expected to assume; it also reveals the limitations of any universal codes of conduct. The second is the necessity of non-intimidating communication with local constituencies. This requires the firm to temper its power and influence by recognizing and responding to local concerns in the pursuit of its own objectives. The third is the degree to which the firm’s operations safeguard and indeed improve the social and economic assets of local communities. At issue is the question of adequate compensation for the inevitable disruptions that an international business brings to a local community. Beneficial returns must be shared and sustained over the long term in an equitable manner. The nine studies in this special edition illustrate in different ways the importance of these three principles. Joseph Smucker is Professor Emeritus, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Concordia University, Montreal. His research publications are in the areas of industrialization, labor markets, labor market policies, and models of economic development. Frederick Bird holds a Research Chair in Comparative Ethics at Concordia University, Montreal. He is the author of The Muted Conscience: Moral Silence and the Practice of Ethics in Business (1996), and has co-edited three volumes of essays on international business ethics: International Businesses and the Challenges of Poverty in the Developing World (2004), International Business and the Dilemmas of Development (2005), and Just Business Practices in a Diverse and Developing World 2006).     

The Positive Effect of Green Intellectual Capital on Competitive Advantages of Firms

No research explored intellectual capital about green innovation or environmental management. This study wanted to fill this research gap, and proposed a novel construct – green intellectual capital – to explore the positive relationship between green intellectual capital and competitive advantages of firms. The empirical results of this study showed that the three types of green intellectual capital – green human capital, green structural capital, and green relational capital – had positive effects on competitive advantages of firms. Moreover, this study found that green relational capital was the most common among these three types of green intellectual capital, and the three types of green intellectual capital of Medium & Small Enterprises (SMEs) were all significantly less than those of large enterprises in the information and electronics industry in Taiwan. In sum, companies investing many resources and efforts in green intellectual capital could not only meet the trends of strict international environmental regulations and popular environmental consciousness of consumers, but also eventually obtain corporate competitive advantages. Dr. Chen is an assistant professor in the Department of Business Administration in National Yunlin University of Science & Technology in Taiwan. His research focused on management of technology, innovation management, corporate environmental management, and patent analysis.     

The Normative Impact of CPA Firms,Professional Organizations,and State Boards on Accounting Ethics Education

Accounting educators are in the midst of creating new opportunities for students to enhance their abilities to recognize ethical dilemmas, establish criteria by which to make ethical decisions, and establish support mechanisms and strategies to facilitate their ethical decision-making. CPA firms, professional organizations and state boards of accountancy are co-operating to increase requirements for ethics education for candidates taking the CPA exam. The current situation is confusing and sub-optimal regarding the use of precious learning time in college programs. A new dialogue between the three stakeholders, creative learning approaches, and additional resources can lead to a more consistent and optimal learning paradigm regarding the ethics education of accountants. Research evaluating the effectiveness of various approaches is needed to effectively apply limited resources in an area critical to the reputation capital of the accounting profession. Kevin holds a B.B.A. from Western Michigan University and a Ph.D. from Michigan State University, along with being a CPA. He has been at Notre Dame since 1978, and served as the first Arthur Young Faculty Fellow in Taxation from 1983 to 1985. From August 1985, to June 1986, Kevin worked as a faculty resident in the Arthur Andersen & Company practice office in Chicago. He was Assistant Department Chair from 1991 to 1995 and the University Ombudsperson for discriminatory harassment from 1999 to 2001. In 1997, he organized and chaired a national conference “What Works Well in Accounting Education” held at Notre Dame. He taught in the London Program for the fall, 1998 semester. Kevin was the Faculty Director of the Master of Nonprofit Administration Program from 2001 to 2005. He teaches accounting courses – primarily tax courses. Recently Kevin has developed new elective courses at the undergraduate and graduate levels on “Ethics in Accounting.” His publications include articles in The Accounting Review, TAXES - The Tax Magazine, The CPA Journal, The Review of Taxation of Individuals, Tax Ideas, Massachusetts CPA Review, The Journal of the American Taxation Association, New Accountant, the Journal of Accounting Education, Taxation for Accountants, and The Tax Adviser. He also was co-author of a Bureau of National Affairs tax management portfolio on Cash and Accrual Methods of Accounting and the book Programmed Guide to Tax Research. He is on the Editorial Review Board of Issues in Accounting Education. An article he authored on “The Normative Impact of CPA Firms, Professional Organizations and State Boards on Accounting Ethics Education” will be published in the Journal of Business Ethics in summer, 2006. In 1989, he and his wife, Kathy, were given the Grenville Clark Award by the University for “Voluntary activities serving to advance the causes of peace and human rights.” Kevin and his wife, Kathy, have eight children, four of whom are adopted special needs children. Kevin and Kathy have been leaders in Worldwide Marriage Encounter ministry for many years.     

中小板上市企业股票融资的地区差异与产业结构升级研究

本文首先对比我国东部和中部地区中小板上市企业在股票融资总额及三次产业分布间的地区差异,然后采用2006—2011年数据,分析我国东部和中部地区中小板上市企业股票融资对各地区产业升级的影响。实证结果表明,提高东部和中部地区中小上市企业股票融资水平能促进地区产业升级,而且中小企业股票融资对中部地区产业升级的影响远大于对东部地区产业升级的影响。在对这些结论进行深层次分析的基础上,本文就如何实现我国经济增长转型和产业结构优化升级提出了相应政策建议。     

大力发展民营经济的融资支持分析

融资难仍是当前我国民营企业面临的实际问题.融资渠道匮乏、手段不足,资金向大型企业集中,现行合作金融风险控制机制仍不利于信贷资金投向民营中小企业,民营企业从事民间融资的合法性界定不清、政府部门监管失当等,是当前民营企业融资难的基本原因.继续深化金融体制改革,积极发展社区性股份制中小银行,尽快建立健全企业抵押和信用担保体系,大力发展金融租赁业务和典当业务,合理规范和积极引导民间借贷,着力发展多层次资本市场,是有效解决我国民营企业融资难问题的基本选择.     

税收、补贴与R＆D活动的两面性

探讨了溢出水平、吸收能力与税收、补贴变量之间的关系,其结果显示：当溢出水平较低时,不论吸收能力的强度如何,政府选择对R＆D投入进行征税;当溢出程度处于中间水平时,如果吸收能力较弱,政府选择对R＆D投入进行征税,反之进行补贴;当溢出水平非常高时,如果吸收能力较强,政府补贴力度应加大;创新产出的补贴率与溢出水平、吸收能力正相关。总之,政府有必要根据溢出水平、吸收能力的强弱选择税收与补贴工具以及实施力度,有效地解决R＆D失灵问题。     

Internationalization of Chinese Entrepreneurial Firms

This article uses the resource‐based and internationalization theories to explain the export behavior of Chinese entrepreneurial firms. Based on multiyear data on Chinese firms from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), we show that contextualized resource‐based theory can adequately explain some of the variation in export behavior among young Chinese firms. Exports by small Chinese firms are driven by the social and intellectual capital of the entrepreneur and their entrepreneurial proclivity, and the innovativeness/uniqueness of the product/offering. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.