个案管理在健康保险理赔管理中的运用

个案管理是一种促进患者康复降低医疗成本的管理模式,是一个多方协作的系统工程。通过分析在健康保险理赔过程中运用个案管理的意义和实施过程,总结了实现个案管理的必须条件,为保险公司降低保险赔付成本,控制经营风险提出了新的解决方案。     

论商标平行进口问题对我国国际贸易的影响

商标平行进口问题一直争议较大 ,在我国情况也是如此。随着我国对外开放的深入和加入世界贸易组织后 ,及实践中这类案件发生呈上升趋势的形势 ,这一问题越来越引起人们的关注。对商标平行进口问题及对我国国际贸易的影响进行分析 ,提出以“原则上禁止商标平行进口行为的同时 ,一定条件下例外地允许平行进口。”为指导完善我国相关法律的建议。     

Public Export Credit Guarantees and Foreign Trade Structure: Evidence from Austria

Foreign trade is usually not based on cash transactions, but rather sales on credit are the rule. The resulting monitoring costs for lenders and the risk of default on accounts receivable are part of the costs associated with cross‐border goods transactions. Relative to domestic trade credit, cross‐border credit creates trade barriers due to differences in language, business practice, jurisdiction and payment enforceability between trading partners. Export credit insurance has long been a domain of public export credit agencies. Only since the early 1980s private insurance is gaining ground. Using disaggregated panel data for goods exports from Austria over the period 1996 to 2002, we show that public export credit guarantees have a less than proportional positive effect on international trade volume. They predominantly affect the country structure of foreign trade but leave the industry specialisation almost unchanged.     

浅谈现代饭店业外汇风险管理

我国加入WTO后,旅游事业呈现了蓬勃发展势头。良好的经济形势在给饭店业带来无限商机的同时也带来了外汇收支管理等问题。尤其是现代饭店业面临着外汇交易、外汇借款、汇率折算等风险。应全面掌握国际市场主要货币汇率、收支状况,正确选择外币币种,适当调整商品价格,采用外汇保值条款等手段加强饭店业外汇管理,减少外汇风险,提高饭店经济效益。     

财政支出效益评价的理论与实践研究

财政支出是以国家为主体,以财政的事权为依据进行的一种财政资金分配活动,集中反映了国家的职能活动范围及其所造成的耗费。凡是财政部门为行使职能所支付的一切支出以及具有满足公共需要性质的支出．都属于财政支出范畴。据此,财政支出效益的评价不仅要关注预算内支出,还应关注大量的“准财政活动”领域中形成的财政支出。     

贸易广度、贸易平衡与公共支出规模扩张——基于内生增长模型与省级政府面板数据的实证研究

通过构建一个内生增长模型探讨贸易开放对政府公共支出规模的扩张效应.基于省级政府面板数据的实证分析,认为:广义的贸易总量对政府支出规模具有明显的扩张效应,而贸易平衡度对于政府支出规模的扩张效应并不明显.     

Improving Incentives in Health Care Spending

Although U.S. economic growth is likely to continue to be robust, the growth of private and public spending on health care presents long-run public policy challenges. To meet these challenges health care resources must be used more efficiently. Currently, there are few incentives to put health care dollars to the highest value use. This is true in both public and private spending. An important element of the problem lies in the tax-preferred treatment given to employer-provided insurance but not to out-of-pocket spending. The resulting bias towards first-dollar insurance coverage means that consumers are insulated from the real costs of the health care that they consume and have little reason to evaluate whether the benefits are greater than those costs. Moreover, they seldom have sufficient price and quality information to make informed decisions. Health Savings Accounts (HSAs) are a promising way to remove the tax-penalty for enrolling in catastrophic insurance and paying for routine care out of pocket. Given the information that they need, consumers would then have more choices and more control, strengthening their role in reducing waste, improving efficiency, and promoting competition. Coupled with other policies, HSAs can be a critical component in moving toward an efficient and equitable health care system. JEL Classification I11     

对保险中“弃权”与“失权”的分析——兼论国际贸易中海上保险的“弃权”与“失权”

“弃权”与“失权”是保险中最基本的法律范畴,而我国现行的《保险法》、《海商法》对其规定很少,在理论上,没有按诚实信用原则建立起完备的保险合同中保险人的“弃权”与“失权”制度;在实务中,尤其是在海上保险和人寿保险中,在履行保险合同的各个环节上却经常出现形形色色的“弃权”与“失权”的情形,迫切需要理论或者法律的支持。本文通过研究“弃权”与“失权”在英美和其他保险业发达国家的运用,反思我国《保险法》、《海商法》的现状,以期为其完善提出一些可行性建议。     

The impact of trade facilitation on poverty and inequality: Evidence from low- and middle-income countries

This paper using a trade model of imperfect competition and product differentiation, examines the welfare effects of two popular tariff-tax reforms: (i) a tariff cut combined with an equal increase in the consumption tax and (ii) a tariff cut combined with an increase in the consumption tax that leaves the consumer price of the imported good unchanged. It is shown that if tax revenues are lump-sum distributed and firms compete over prices, then coordinated tariff-tax reforms improve welfare for a low degree of product differentiation, whereas these reforms are welfare-reducing for any degree of product differentiation under Cournot competition. When, instead, revenues are used to finance the provision of public goods, then the total effect of these reforms on welfare depends, under plausible assumptions, on the strength of the consumer's valuation of the public good.     

International trade agreements between countries of asymmetric size

This paper analyzes how changes in the structure and environment of trade agreements between a small and a large country affect the efficient frontier of those self-enforcing agreements and hence, negotiation outcomes. Using the autarky punishment instead of the interior Nash punishment may provide the small country with greater bargaining power. Negotiating direct transfers under free trade instead of reciprocal tariff reductions improves the worst possible negotiation outcome for the small country. The existence of irreversible investment may strengthen (weaken) the small country’s bargaining power under the interior Nash (autarky) punishment scheme.     

Trade in health products and population health: A long-run relation

The effect of trade on different economic outcomes has been extensively studied but the literature on the specific effects of trade on health outcomes has remained relatively scanty. Our paper fills in the gap by examining the long-run association between import expenditures on health products and longevity in a cross-country panel setting of 32 developed and 24 developing countries, covering 1990–2018. It accounts for both time-series properties and cross-country heterogeneity, while remaining robust to omitted variables and endogeneity problems, by applying panel cointegration techniques. The results reveal that per capita medical import expenditure on pharmaceuticals, aggregate medical products and medicines have contributed around 0.34, 0.35 and 0.30 percentage points, respectively to the annual increase in life expectancy for an average country in our sample. The findings suggest that higher per capita import expenditure on health products can increase longevity significantly in the long-run. The results remain robust to cross-sectional dependence, sub-samples of developed and developing countries and alternate measures of health outcomes such as adult mortality rates. These findings set the context for treating health product imports as critical for long-term improvements in population health and outlines the need for greater coordination between health and trade policymakers for improving population health.     

Trade and the Effect of Public Investment on Regional Inequalities in Heterogeneously Integrated Areas

Regional integration, it is argued, challenges the distribution of economic activity among regions. However, the government role in shifting the patterns of regional inequalities is still under debate and has received small comprehensive empirical evidence. This paper examines the hypothesis of trade as channelling public investment and, thus, perpetuating regional inequalities. We argue that the interplay of public and private investment plays a key role in stimulating trade and economic activity. To avoid problems of cross‐country heterogeneity and comparability this study examines data for two countries; Mexico and Spain, both followers of trade integration arrangements. Findings indicate that regional inequalities in Mexico are significantly explained by differences in export capacity serving to boost private investment whereas inequalities in Spain are appreciably driven by previous endowments and private capital formation.     

策略性信息传递与技术贸易的无效率

技术进步是经济增长的引擎,然而,发展中国家未能有效地利用国际技术贸易从发达国家获得自己想要的技术。原因在于,在贸易谈判开始前的了解信息阶段,由于要素禀赋的不一致,发达国家企业具有策略性传递技术质量信息以获取卖者剩余的倾向。预期到这种倾向,发展中国家的企业对发达国家企业传递的信息持不信任态度。通过寻找更多的技术供给方、减少信息质量的可能状态和参照价格标尺,策略性信息传递引起的技术交易无效率可以得到改善。     

OECD Export Credit Agencies: Supplementing Short-Term Export Credit Insurance during the 2008 Financial Crisis

ABSTRACT

The 2008 financial crisis impacted international trade in part due to decreases in trade finance and export credit insurance. This article shows that Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) member states used their public Export Credit Agencies (ECAs) to supplement the lack of private short-term export credit insurance as a means to increase trade. All OECD states, except Greece and Estonia, either increased the capacity of their ECAs to provide short-term export credit insurance, or they developed new products for this purpose. More generally, states that changed their short-term export credit insurance programs had major trading partners with defaults.     

浅谈寿险公司所得税制度构建

我国目前尚未形成适应寿险商品特殊性的所得税制度,这与现行市场条件下我国寿险业的发展是不相适应的。基于此,本文从寿险商品交易长期性、储蓄性及投资性出发,分析了我国构建寿险公司所得税制度的必要性,并借鉴国际上比较流行的寿险所得税课征模式,提出我国寿险所得税制度构建的大体思路。     

基于商品出口的快速报价法

对外报价是货物出口贸易中必须遇到的一个环节，本文通过收支平衡的基本原理，推导出本币与外币的“换汇折算率”，并融合了外贸公司的利润目标，分析并说明了外贸从业人员如何通过综合考虑人民币汇率、出口退税率、预期利润率等变量，将商品的本币价格快速而准确地换算成外币价格，对外报价。     

Public Financial Expenditure——A Reflection of the Livelihood Improvement

In recent years.China's public finance put social construction high on the agenda and attaches more importance on livelihood insurance and improvement.The 2003-2007 public financial expenditure reflects a fact that the government isputting more emphasis on livelihood andissues concerning the people.     

Export instability,monopoly power,and welfare

The welfare consequences of price instability for internationally traded goods critically depend on whether tariffs or marketing boards are present. For example, unlike in the free trade case, when the source of price instability is external, the importing country prefers price stability where trade is restricted by tariffs. The opposite is true, however, when trade is restricted by marketing boards.