后金融危机时期中美两国货币政策的比较

文章首先从汇率制度、货币政策的趋向性以及利率市场化状况三个角度总结了美国和中国货币政策的特点,而后结合中国近几年的实际情况分析了现行货币政策面对的压力和挑战,最后以美国的货币政策运行状况为参考提出未来中国货币政策应如何进行调整以适应当前经济的发展。     

人民币汇率利率联动机制研究

汇率、利率分别代表本币在外汇市场和国内资本市场的价格,两者有效联动是货币政策独立高效的重要保障。笔者从极端事件下的利率平价关系出发,实证分析了影响人民币汇率利率有效联动的因素,对稳步推进利率市场化、放开资本项目管制,充分发挥汇率利率在调节宏观经济、优化配置资源等方面的基础作用,提出了相应的建议。     

左小蕾：预计央行不会用利率手段调整货币政策

本刊讯 银河证券首席经济学家左小蕾日前在接受媒体采访时表示,预计央行不会动用利率这样的“市场化手段”调整货币政策。中国央行中国人民银行近日发布的《中国货币政策执行报告（2009年第二季度）》报告指出,下阶段中国人民银行将坚定不移地继续落实适度宽松的货币政策,根据国内外经济走势和价格变化,注重运用市场化手段进行动态微调。     

论我国商业银行应对利率市场化的对策

一、利率市场化的涵义 利率市场化是我国实现经济和金融市场化的关键,是我国经济金融体制改革深化的核心内容.具体来说,利率市场化包括以下两层含义:其一,利率决定方式的市场化.利率的品种结构、期限结构以及利率水平不再由中央银行直接决定,或受中央银行直接限制,而是逐渐由金融资产的供需双方根据金融市场的供求状况,按价值规律自发调节、自行决定.其二,利率管理方式的市场化.指中央银行对利率的管理不是通过硬性规定来实现,而是根据现实经济环境及经济政策等,通过运用拥有的金融资源,在市场机制下改变金融市场的供求状况,调节基准利率来调控整个市场利率水平,促进货币政策目标的实现与国民经济的发展.货币当局所能直接决定的,只有存款准备金利率、再贴现利率和再贷款利率.     

我国利率市场化的必要性及对策分析

中国人民银行在2010年5月10日公布的《2010年第一季度中国货币政策执行报告》中着重指出,要稳步推进利率市场化改革,完善人民币汇率形成机制,推动金融市场健康发展。可见走利率市场化之路有其必然性和科学性。本文通过分析利率市场化的必要性以及我国利率市场化改革中存在的不足,提出相关对策。     

利率市场化下货币政策传导机制的作用分析

本文通过回顾我国利率市场化改革的进程,介绍了中央银行的货币政策传导机制,重点分析了利率市场化下中央银行货币政策传导机制的作用.指出对利率政策有效性的传导应做出两方面的努力积极稳妥的推进利率市场化改革和完善货币政策传导机制.     

我国货币政策框架中利率作用分析

随着经济发展,货币供应量作为中介目标的有效性也越来越受到人们的质疑。按照中国加入WTO的承诺,1年以后利率将完全实现市场化,利率将会是我国货币政策框架中介目标的一个理想选择。本文着眼于分析利率机制在我国现行货币政策框架中的作用,以及利率机制目前还不能作为货币政策中介目标的原因,并提出相应对策,为将来利率成为货币政策框架中介目标作好理论准备。     

利率市场化下货币政策传导机制的作用分析

本文通过回顾我国利率市场化改革的进程，介绍了中央银行的货币政策传导机制，重点分析了利率市场化下中央银行货币政策传导机制的作用。指出对利率政策有效性的传导应做出两方面的努力；积极稳妥的推进利率市场化改革和完善货币政策传导机制。     

LPR改革对中期借贷便利工具利率传导效率的影响

实证分析中期借贷便利利率对银行贷款利率影响的变化,检验LPR改革对提高我国货币政策利率传导效率的成效。结果显示,在LPR改革后,中期借贷便利利率能够显著影响银行贷款利率,其中中小银行贷款利率受到的影响更大,表明LPR改革能够降低企业特别是中小企业的融资成本,从而提高货币政策的利率传导效率。机制分析表明,LPR报价基准的替换、LPR被纳入银行内部资金转移定价（FTP）与宏观审慎评估考核（MPA）是LPR改革提高货币政策利率传导效率的主要机制。影响因素分析发现,存款利率市场化程度低是现阶段影响我国货币政策利率传导效率的重要因素。因此,为了进一步提升货币政策利率传导效率,存款利率市场化改革应该是下一阶段改革的重要内容。同时,货币当局与监管部门应该妥善处理好利率市场化改革与金融风险之间的关系。     

声音

中国目前正处于利率市场化的关键时期,无论是国务院会议,还是央行季度货币政策报告,都强调在未来一两年内实现利率市场化,然而在国务院会议上所确定的降低融资成本十条措施中,对利率市场化的阐述变更为"有序推进"。中国实体经济所面临的融资成本太高,进一步加速推动利率市场化可能会     

中国货币条件指数构建及与经济增长的实证分析

货币条件指数作为反映一个国家货币政策松紧程度的指标,自1994年由加拿大银行首次提出后,引起了国际社会的普遍关注。本文选取1998年1季度～2011年3季度间共55个季度的实际利率、实际有效汇率、实际信贷规模缺口作为解释变量,选取实际产出与潜在产出之间的缺口作为被解释变量,使用单方程估计法,通过构造总需求曲线,利用最小二乘法计算各解释变量的权重,得出中国的实际货币条件指数。并通过分析对比中国汇率、利率、信贷规模变动与宏观经济增长之间的关系,验证中国实际货币条件指数对实体经济变动的解释能力。     

In search for yield? Survey-based evidence on bank risk taking

Monetary policy can have an impact on economic and financial stability through the risk taking of banks. Falling interest rates might induce investment into risky activities. This paper provides evidence on the link between monetary policy and bank risk taking. We use a factor-augmented vector autoregressive model (FAVAR) for the US for the period 1997–2008. Besides standard macroeconomic indicators, we include factors summarizing information provided in the Federal Reserve’s Survey of Terms of Business Lending (STBL). These data provide information on banks׳ new loans as well as interest rates for different loan risk categories and different banking groups. We identify a risk-taking channel of monetary policy by distinguishing responses to monetary policy shocks across different types of banks and different loan risk categories. Following an expansionary monetary policy shock, small domestic banks increase their exposure to risk. Large domestic banks do not change their risk exposure. Foreign banks take on more risk only in the mid-2000s, when interest rates were ‘too low for too long’.     

Monetary policy rules for convergence to the Euro

This paper investigates the applicability of open-economy convergence-consistent instrument rules for monetary policies in the economies undergoing monetary convergence to a common currency area. The proposed policy rule is forward-looking, consistent with a monetary framework based on inflation-targeting containing input variables that are relative to the corresponding variables in the common currency area. Robust forms of the policy rule are tested empirically for three inflation-targeting countries converging to the euro, i.e. the Czech Republic, Poland and Hungary. Empirical tests imply systemic differences in monetary policies among these euro-candidates. The Czech monetary policy seemingly follows the rule prescribed by our model. Both the Czech and the Polish central bank interest rate policies respond predominantly to changes in the inflation gap, while the Hungarian responds mainly to the exchange rate gap. In all three cases, changes in the eurozone short-term interest rates strongly drive adjustments in the central banks’ reference interest rates.     

外商直接投资与货币政策对中国出口的影响

利用2005年1月至2010年12月的数据,比较货币政策与资本流入两种因素对中国出口贸易的影响。实证结果表明,中国出口额与利率、汇率、信贷量、FDI存在长期协整关系,信贷量每增加1%,出口额增加0.84%。但FDI对出口贸易的长短期影响不一致。而且经检验发现,利率变动和汇率变动并不是出口变动的Granger原因。所以,中国应完善基础设施建设,缩短FDI发挥创造效应的时间,并综合利用信贷政策、利率政策、汇率政策等多种政策来调整贸易收支。     

The effective of China's monetary policy: Quantity versus price rules

This paper deduces an open economic DSGE model and explores two monetary policy rules for China, the quantity and price rule. The empirical results indicate that (1) monetary policy with money supply as instrument seems increasingly difficult to conduct in China than before, (2) the linkage between money supply and output becomes weaker over time, and (3) the effects of a price rule on the economy seem to have become more significant than those of a quantity rule. The findings seem to favor the government’s intention of liberalizing interest rates and making a more active use of the price instrument as the economy becomes more market-oriented in recent years.     

不同资本账户开放程度下的中国财政货币政策效果分析

研究目标：分析不同资本账户开放程度下的中国财政货币政策效果及福利效应。研究方法：将内生化的政府支出（税收）政策以及包含汇率的价格（数量）型为主的混合货币政策一并纳入一个小型开放的DSGE模型。研究发现：随着资本账户的逐步放开，财政政策方面，减税政策刺激经济增长和促进就业的效果越来越好，政府支出政策刺激经济增长和促进就业的效果越来越差；货币政策方面，国内货币政策的调控效果及利率上升的跨期替代效应减弱。从社会福利损失的角度分析表明：无论是与内生化的政府支出（税收）政策组合还是与财政赤字政策组合，价格型为主的混合货币政策始终优于数量型为主的混合货币政策。研究创新：考察在高、中和低三种资本账户开放背景下中国不同财政货币政策组合的相互作用和经济效应。研究价值：为资本账户放开过程中合理地使用财政货币政策组合提供理论参考。     

国际短期资本流动对货币政策有效性的影响分析——基于VAR模型和脉冲响应函数的研究

采用VAR模型和冲脉效应函数实证分析国际短期资本流动对货币政策有效性的影响分析,结果显示：货币供给量、利率和国际短期资本流动之间具有长期稳定的均衡关系;利率变动和货币供给之间反向变动;国际短期资本流动对货币政策有效性的影响已经显现,然而国际短期资本流动带来的货币供应量的上升被国家货币政策的调控所冲销,而且冲销力度过大;由于我国对资本流动进行管制,因此隐蔽性资本流动对货币政策效果目标的影响不明显;进出我国的国际短期资本的套利动机虽然不显著,但是国际短期资本流动和利率的关联性已经很强。最后,以实证结果为依据,提出相应对策建议。     

通货膨胀背景下的中国经济增长

当前我国物价水平仍然较高,与改革开放以来的前几次通货膨胀有所类似.本次通货膨胀的原因也可归结为中国传统增长模式中常出现的“两难困境”,即长期以来,中国经济增长过度依赖于政府投资,银行信贷与货币的发放难以受到控制,经济高增长的同时始终存在着高通货膨胀的风险,而高通货膨胀所带来的企业生产成本的上升反过来又挤压企业经营利润,从而降低经济增长率.可以预计的是,在货币政策作用空间有限的背景下,此次通货膨胀的压力将持续一段时间.能否处理好总量和结构、抑制通货膨胀和促进经济增长的关系,关键取决于货币政策与财政政策的有机配合.     

How does the money market development impact the bank lending channel of emerging Countries? A case from China

Transforming from quantitative-based instruments to price-based instruments is the primary goal of the monetary policy transformation in emerging economies. In essence, this process is gradually replacing the interest rate channel with the credit channel from the perspective of the monetary policy transmission mechanism, which is mainly achieved by promoting financial development to reduce the financial friction. However, there are opposite effects of financial development on the bank lending channel; thus, the topic is controversial. Using banks’ data from 2010 to 2018, this paper studies whether and how the money market development weakens the effect of the bank lending channel in China. The result shows that the mechanism through which the money market development influences the bank lending channel is realized by affecting the substitution elasticity of the asset and liability structure of banks’ balance sheets. Different from the theoretical expectation, the effect of the money market development on the bank lending channel is nonsignificant in China but appears to be weakened when the interest rate market-oriented reform is considered. However, further research based on structural analysis demonstrates that the money market development exerts heterogeneous effects on the bank lending channel under different types of sub-markets and different characteristics of the banks considered.     

Estimating the Bank of Mexico’s reaction function in the last three decades: A Bayesian DSGE approach with rolling-windows

This paper uses a small open economy Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model to investigate how Mexico’s central bank has conducted its monetary policy in the period 1995–2019. The main objective of the paper is to document the systematic changes in the Bank of Mexico’s reaction function by analyzing possible shifts in the parameters of the policy rule. The central bank’s policy is modeled using a Taylor rule that relates the nominal interest rate to output, inflation, and the exchange rate. I employ Bayesian computational techniques and conduct rolling-window estimations to explicitly show the transition of the policy coefficients over the sample period. Furthermore, the paper examines the macroeconomic implications of these changes through rolling-window impulse–response functions. The results suggest that the Bank of Mexico’s response to inflation has been steady since 1995, while the response to output and the exchange rate has decreased and stabilized after 2002.