"一带一路"沿线国家外资政策协调对 中国对外直接投资的影响 ——基于双边、多边政策协调的分析视角

本文针对2008—2017年中国对54个“一带一路”沿线国家对外直接投资的面板数据,基于双边、多边投资政策协调视角考察“一带一路”沿线国家外资政策协调对中国对外直接投资（OFDI）的影响。结果显示,中国与“一带一路”沿线国家签订双边投资协定(BIT)会促进中国对外直接投资,而“一带一路”沿线国家加入国际投资争端解决中心(ICSID)对中国对外直接投资产生负向影响;进一步考虑双边政治关系的调节效应,发现双边政治关系会强化双边投资协定对中国对外直接投资的正向效应,减弱国际投资争端解决中心对中国对外直接投资的负向效应;以国际投资争端解决中心为代表的多边投资协调机制会部分抵消双边投资政策协调机制对中国对外直接投资的积极影响,而双边投资协定会弱化国际投资争端解决中心对中国对外直接投资的负向效应。     

中国对外直接投资对出口规模的影响——基于2003—2014年143个国家的面板数据模型

进入“十三五”时期,中国出口规模增速有所放缓,研究出口回稳向好的新动力具有重要的现实意义。本文利用2003—2014年中国与143个国家之间的对外直接投资、出口以及其他指标的数据,采用面板数据模型的实证分析方法,对中国对外直接投资（OFDI）的出口规模影响效应进行测算。结果显示,中国对外直接投资每增加1%,出口规模会增加0.435%,表明对外直接投资与出口规模之间总体上呈现出互补关系的影响效应。     

“一带一路”国家基础设施状况对我国OFDI的影响——基于面板门槛模型的研究

"一带一路"倡议的实施不仅标志着中国对外开放步入更高的经济开放水平,而且还强调了基础设施建设对于沿线国家与中国共同发展、实现共赢的积极意义。文章基于"一带一路"沿线60个国家的数据,将"一带一路"国家基础设施发展状况作为核心变量,利用面板门槛模型,分析其在吸引我国对外直接投资中所发挥的作用。研究结果表明:从整体上看,"一带一路"沿线国家基础设施发展状况较好,可以有效促进中国企业对外直接投资,但这种促进效应在一定程度上受限于门槛值。低基础设施发展水平地区对我国企业对外直接投资增长的贡献度达2. 658%,而高基础设施发展水平地区的贡献度仅为1. 967%。此外,东道国的经济发展水平和对外开放程度对我国企业对外直接投资有着显著的正向作用,自然资源丰裕程度与对外直接投资无显著关系。     

中国对非洲直接投资的潜力及效率研究——基于随机前沿引力模型

本文基于随机前沿分析理论,利用2003～2016年中国对49个非洲国家直接投资存量及其他相关数据,构建异质性随机前沿投资模型,分析了中国对非洲国家投资潜力和投资效率的问题。研究表明:中国对非洲的直接投资效率普遍较低,2003～2016年的平均投资效率不超过五成,但是投资潜力却呈现出逐年上升的趋势,并且增加的势头明显,说明中国对非洲的投资效率还有很大的提升空间。     

中国经济增长的溢出效应——贸易和投资渠道重要吗？

本文在梳理各界研究中国通过实体经济渠道传导的溢出效应的基础上，通过使用面板数据个体固定效应模型，并纳入中国经济增长冲击因素，考察2003—2014年中国是否通过贸易渠道和对外直接投资渠道对其他国家产生溢出效应。研究发现，2003—2014年中国通过贸易渠道对其他经济体产生溢出效应，与此同时，对外直接投资渠道的溢出效应也不能忽视。2008年金融危机以前，中国通过贸易和直接投资渠道传导的溢出效应并不显著，而在此之后通过贸易传导的溢出效应则非常显著，对外直接投资渠道对其他经济体的溢出效应也愈发重要，因此，以溢出效应为考察标准，可以认为在全球经济危机之后，中国经济增长对世界经济稳定发展具有十分重要的影响。     

中国对外直接投资与出口关系的实证分析

本文主要对美、日、德、英等11个国家和地区从2003年到2013年的FDI和出口流量额的年度面板数据，建立重力模型，运用Eviews进行实证分析，并得出，在长期，中国的对外直接投资和出口仍具有较强的互补效应的结论。     

中美投资的天花板

中美两国最高领导人会晤意味着未来十年基于中美"战略互信"基础上构建起来的包括经济、贸易、投资在内的双边战略框架将有望成形。尽管中美双边贸易流动为全球规模最大,但双边投资规模并不大而且直接投资"不对等"。截至2011年末,美国对华实际投资676亿美元,而同期中国对美国投资不到300亿美元。从排名上看,美国是中国最大的外来直接投资国,而中国的直接投资在美国仅排第25位,中国对美投资总量占美国吸收外资总量不到1%。金融危机后为缓解长期以来由于贸易顺差导致的外汇储备激增和资产安全,中国主权财富基金大规模投资海外,推动"资本出海"。然而这在一定程度上加剧了美国对"战略性投资"与"国家资本主义"的警惕,常常遭遇美国政府外资审查委员会基于"国家安全"考虑的阻碍,并限制     

中国企业海外能源投资的区位导向：资源禀赋、发展水平抑或制度距离？

近年来中国能源对外依存度不断增加，面对持续增长的国内能源需求和长期存在的国际能源市场风险，能源对外直接投资成为中国利用国外能源、开拓国外能源市场的重要手段。海外能源投资的区位导向是否与其他类型投资一致？本文运用负二项固定效应回归模型，基于中国2006—2015年对57个国家的能源投资企业/项目数据，实证分析了中国企业海外能源投资区位选择的影响因素。研究发现，中国企业海外能源投资区位选择受东道国的资源禀赋优势和经济发展水平影响，并且偏好与中国制度差异较小的国家，符合“制度接近论”；东道国与中国的制度距离会在一定程度上抵消东道国能源禀赋、发展水平对海外能源投资的吸引力；同时，制度距离对中国能源对外投资的区位选择呈现非对称效应，在制度质量不同的国家和地区，制度距离对中国能源对外投资具有不同的作用。本文的研究结论对“一带一路”背景下中国能源企业对外直接投资区位选择具有现实参考意义。     

去年我国境外直接投资企业超万家

商务部、国家统计局、国家外汇管理局于近日联合发布《2007年度中国对外直接投资统计公报》。公报显示．截至去年底．中国有7000多家境内投资主体,在全球173个国家地区设立境外直接投资企业超过1万家,对外直接投资累计净额1179．1亿美元。     

中国企业实施“走出去”战略的路径选择

我国加入WTO后，企业对外直接投资，实施“走出去”战略有了较大的发展：根据商务部、国家统计局联合公布的《2004年度中国对外直接投资统计公报》公布，2004年中国对外直接投资净额为55亿美元，累计投资净额448亿美元；对外直接投资企业累计共5163家，大致分布在全球149个国家和地区。其中欧洲地区91％以上的国家中有中国投资企业，投资覆盖率较高。从地区和国别分布来看，     

Multinomial distributions applied to random sampling of particulate materials

When sampling a batch consisting of particulate material, the distribution of a sample estimator can be characterized using knowledge about the sample drawing process. With Bernoulli sampling, the number of particles in the sample is binomially distributed. Because this is rarely realized in practice, we propose a sampling design in which the possible samples have a nearly equal mass. Expected values and variances of the sample estimator are calculated. It is shown that the sample estimator becomes identical to the Horvitz–Thompson estimator in the case of a large batch-to-sample mass ratio and a large sample mass. Simulations and experiments were performed to test the theory. Simulations confirm that the round-off error due to the discrete nature of particles is negligible for large sample sizes. Sampling experiments were carried out with a mixture of PolyPropylene (PP) and PolyTetraFluorEthylene (PTFE) spheres suspended in a viscous medium. The measured and theoretical variations are in good agreement.     

Performance appraisal and culture: practice and attitudes in Hong Kong and Great Britain

This article compares the practice of and attitudes towards performance appraisal for managerial and professional staff in Hong Kong and Britain, and considers the extent to which actual practice and employee preferences are in alignment. Findings suggest that appraisal may be more widespread in Hong Kong than in Britain. However, British appraisal tends to be more participative and to place greater emphasis on discussing objectives, development and career plans. Hong Kong appraisals appear to be more directive and Hong Kong respondents perceive a higher level of 'negative' appraiser behaviour. In spite of this, Hong Kong respondents show if anything slightly more confidence in the utility of appraisal than do British respondents. They show stronger support for appraisal's use for reward and punishment and less support for the objectives-setting and training and development uses than do the British sample. Hong Kong respondents are more likely than their British counterparts to favour involving a more senior manager in appraisal, and they are less likely to prefer more frequent appraisals. There was little evidence that Hong Kong respondents had a stronger preference for group-based appraisal criteria, although they did show more support than the British sample for the use of personality as a basis for appraisal. Overall, the suggestion is that appraisal has been adopted in Hong Kong organizations but that the practice of appraisal has been adapted to suit the cultural characteristics of the society.     

Narrative construction of expatriate experience and career cycle: discursive patterns in Finnish stories of international

Expatriate experience is not only a disconnected occasion for cross-cultural anxiety and adjustment but also an important event in the process of self-development and learning. Following this view and arguing for a discursive approach, the paper focuses on ways in which expatriates themselves tell and interpret their development and movement across expatriate career cycle. Meaning systems connecting expatriate job with previous and following work experiences in career stories of Finnish engineers and managers were identified using a combination of narrative and discourse analysis. No evidence was found of an autonomous expatriate discourse but, in contrast, expatriate career cycle was narrated using available organizational repertoires of development and career. Describing and discussing the meaning-making properties of three identified discourses - bureaucratic, occupational and enterprising - the paper emphasizes the organizational environment of expatriate experience while acknowledging the limits of these contemporary career vocabularies in addressing individual learning and change in cross-cultural settings.     

Internet professionals: job skills for an on-line age

The paper explores the increasing popularity of the Internet technology Singapore. It argues that the diffusion of Internet technology to South-East Asia would create new duties and responsibilities for human resource (HR) managers. One such duty is the identification of the skills which professional Internet staff would need to perform their work effectively in organizations. Using a triangulation research method, empirical study has identified the new professional Internet jobs which have emerged the IT industry in Singapore and the skills that professional Internet personnel require do their jobs effectively. Analysis of the findings indicates that professional Internet skills involve both technical and creative abilities and that, in explaining or defining professional Internet skills, it is necessary to use both the technical and the social conceptions of skill. This argument is based on the view that the creative skills include tacit skills so that a definition based solely on the technical conception of skill cannot capture the various dimensions of Internet skills. The implications of the research findings for human resource managers are raised.     

关于高校教学秘书工作的认识与思考

教学秘书在教学管理中起着举足轻重的作用,本文结合自己近6年从事教学秘书的工作实践和体会,阐述了高校教学秘书的工作职能和工作内容,提出了教学秘书应具备的素质,分析了日前教学秘书工作中存在的问题,探讨了教学秘书工作改进的方法与途径。     

Sister Communities: Rejecting Labels of Informality and Peripherality in Vanuatu

Some labels have dire consequences. This article takes issue with the labels commonly used to describe the physical and social location of communities living on the edge of Port Vila, Vanuatu—labels that position communities for eviction by entrenching tropes of informality and peripherality into how they are seen and represented. Such terms include informal, settlement, informal settlement, squatter and peri-urban. Based on interviews with around 100 people and two years of ethnographic engagement with urban communities in Port Vila, Vanuatu, I critique the language of policy against the lived experience of those at the urban edge. I use Bourdieu's articulation of power as an accumulation of symbolic capital that enables one to speak the world into being. I conclude that the language of policies and plans is reflective of a dominant discourse in urban studies and international aid, and non-reflective of the experience and identities of people living at the urban edge. My interviewees and interlocutors maintain their identities as sister communities—as places grounded in the formality of customary tenure, and as part of the city rather than outside it.     

BLOCOS URBANISM: Capitalism and Modularity in the Making of Contemporary Luanda

In this article we portray and unpack the fabric of urban expansion in contemporary Luanda. In doing so, we examine interdependencies and complementarities between the organization of oil extraction off the coast of Angola, the emergence of particular modalities of modernist city planning for the expansion of its capital city, and the proliferation of cement blocks in the making of new urban forms throughout its burgeoning peripheries. By showing how urban development has unfolded through the interconnected realization of multiple kinds of systematizing blocks—namely oil blocks, city blocks and cement blocks—we analyse key material components in the production of new markets and urban spaces in the Angolan capital. By tracing forms of capitalism and modularity in the making of contemporary Luanda, we develop the concept of blocos urbanism to draw attention to modes of standardization and the production of legibility in contemporary processes of urbanization. Through this study, we aim to contribute to the conceptual apparatus for deciphering our global urban condition.     

Different Manifestations of the Concept of Empowerment: The Politics of Urban Renewal in the United States and the United Kingdom

Over the course of the 1990s the concept of empowerment became firmly established within the vocabulary of urban politics in several different national contexts. This article analyzes the spread of this concept by looking at the politics of urban renewal in the United States and the United Kingdom. It shows that even if (and possibly because) the definition of empowerment remained vague, the turn to empowerment came out of and contributed to a shift in the nature of urban politics and to a reconfiguration of governmental methods, the role of the state and, consequently, to changes in civil society, all of which were associated with a rise to prominence of a neoliberal perspective.     

Value at Risk in the Suburbs: Eminent Domain and the Geographical Politics of the US Foreclosure Crisis

Several US counties and local governments have recently considered a novel solution to the foreclosure crisis. They plan to use eminent domain to compel the owners of mortgage debt—and specifically of private‐label mortgage‐backed securities—to sell the debt to the government at a price reflecting the loan's market value. The government would then restructure the debt and resell it to new investors. The plans are striking because—in contrast to both development‐driven eminent domain and the federal subprime bank bailout—they would force investors to assume asset devaluation and increased long‐term risk. Notably, the plans have emerged as an instance of financialization‐focused politics in suburbs and suburban cities of color, specifically majority‐black and ‐Latino/a suburbs. Local support for the plans, we argue, is rooted in the long‐term disinvestment of these ‘suburbs of exception', which became targets of subprime lending and eventually sites where the ‘financial exception' has been localized. But these demographic shifts, fragmentation and fiscal pressures have at the same time created a suburban political terrain in which the plans have gained their strongest political support.     

Towards a Theory of Serendipity: A Systematic Review and Conceptualization

Serendipity – the notion of making surprising and valuable discoveries – plays a major role in the success of individuals and organizations alike. Previous research has established the importance of serendipity and identified important individual- and organizational-level antecedents. However, the literature has been dispersed and the boundaries of the concept have been blurry, leading to a lack of conceptual clarity and structure, and thus limiting validity and managerial actionability. Based on a systematic literature review, I synthesize existing management-related research on serendipity and explicate the emergence and composition of serendipity in the organizational context. I first identify three necessary conditions that differentiate serendipity from related concepts such as luck or targeted innovation: agency, surprise, and value. Then, I draw from the literature on sensemaking, event-based theorizing, and quantum-based approaches to management to conceptualize the process of cultivating serendipity in the organizational context as a process of enabling potentiality and materialization, and develop a multi-level theory of (cultivating) serendipity. This conceptualization contributes to our collective understanding of how, why, and when (i.e., under what conditions) organizations can leverage the value in the unexpected, which opens up fruitful avenues for further research.