THE CREATION AND DIFFUSION OF INNOVATION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW

In this study, we review the literature on the creation and diffusion of innovation in the private sectors (industry and services) in developing countries. In particular, we collect evidence on what are the barriers to innovation creation and diffusion and the channels of innovation diffusion to and within developing countries. We find that innovation in developing countries is about creation or adoption of new ideas and technologies; but the capacity for innovation is embedded in and constituted by dynamics between geographical, socio‐economic, political and legal subsystems. We contextualize the findings from the review in the current theoretical framework of diffusion of innovations, and we emphasize how the institutional context typical of developing countries impacts the diffusion itself.     

The antecedents of SME innovativeness in an emerging transition economy

Understanding forces that contribute to the success of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) is very important, as these enterprises are vital for both developed and developing economies. Since innovativeness is among the most important means through which such businesses contribute to economic growth, numerous research studies were conducted to determine which factors positively impact SME's innovative efforts. This is an even more important issue for developing economies, where SMEs are often faced with inadequate infrastructure. Since there is a lack of studies on SME innovation in developing economies, often policy in such countries is based on findings from developed countries.In this paper, we explore factors that drive innovation activities in SMEs in a small emerging transition economy (Croatia), and compare it with findings from developed economies. In addition to factors used in most previous studies, we consider market scope, firm's market orientation and presence of strategic, managerial and marketing changes. We find that most factors that were found to be important in developed economies are important in developing economies as well. In addition to that, market scope was discovered to be a very important factor in both product and process innovation. Implementing corporate changes has positive impact on radical product innovation while implementing new organizational structures has positive effect on incremental innovation. When investigating determinants of product innovation, we distinguish new products of low novelty from new products of high novelty, and show that they need to be supported by different policies. To gain additional insight in innovation efforts, we examine obstacles to innovation. We find that firms that report facing obstacles are not less likely to innovate less, which suggests that innovators are able to work around obstacles without damaging effects to innovation. This study is based on a postal survey of 448 SMEs in Croatia, which was performed in 2004.     

Innovation alignment and project network dynamics: An integrative model for change

Innovation research has predominantly focused on hierarchically organized firms competing within single markets. Recently, however, researchers have debated over whether the increasing use of project networks within and across industries promotes or stifles innovation. This paper discusses a model based on crossnational diffusion data from three technological innovations in three‐dimensional computer‐aided design (3D CAD) and related implementation data from 82 firms. From the data we induce a set of constructs that form the basis of a two‐stage model for understanding innovation in project networks. In the first stage of the model the alignment of an innovation to the existing allocation of work in a project network is ascertained. In the second stage, the implementation success and diffusion outcomes for innovations misaligned with the allocation of work are governed by the relational stability, accrual of interests, boundary permeability, and existence of an agent for project network change. In developing this integrative, two‐stage model we resolve the contradiction in the academic literature regarding the degree to which project network dynamics can promote or stifle innovation.     

Intermediation for technology diffusion and user innovation in a developing rural economy: a social learning perspective

Technology intermediaries are seen as potent vehicles for addressing perennial problems in transferring technology from university to industry in developed and developing countries. This paper examines what constitutes effective user-end intermediation in a low-technology, developing economy context, which is an under-researched topic. The social learning in technological innovation framework is extended using situated learning theory in a longitudinal instrumental case study of an exemplar technology intermediation programme. The paper documents the role that academic-related research and advisory centres can play as intermediaries in brokering, facilitating and configuring technology, against the backdrop of a group of small-scale pisciculture businesses in a rural area of Colombia. In doing so, it demonstrates how technology intermediation activities can be optimized in the domestication and innofusion of technology amongst end-users. The design components featured in this instrumental case of intermediation can inform policy making and practice relating to technology transfer from university to rural industry. Future research on this subject should consider the intermediation components put forward, as well as the impact of such interventions, in different countries and industrial sectors. Such research would allow for theoretical replication and help improve technology domestication and innofusion in different contexts, especially in less-developed countries.     

区域创新系统研究述评

在世界经济发展出现信息化、知识化、全球化和区域化的背景下,区域创新能力已经成为区域经济取得国际竞争优势的根本性条件,构建区域创新系统也已经成为实现经济快速持续健康发展的重要战略选择,因此,区域创新系统理论逐渐成为国内外区域经济研究中的热点问题。文章阐述了区域创新系统的概念内涵、要素构成、结构模型、类型划分以及评价体系,并对国内外区域创新系统理论与实证研究的相关文献进行了梳理。在此基础上,提出了目前区域创新系统研究面临的问题以及未来的研究方向。     

论标准化与低碳经济发展的互动关系

低碳经济是未来中国可持续发展的主方向,技术创新是关键。标准化与低碳经济在持续改进与螺旋渐进的规律下相互作用,共同发展,并以一种柔性的技术渗透方式嵌入到社会发展体系中,是技术创新产业化链条的重要环节。标准化通过“系统协调与整体推进”、“技术积累与创新扩散”、“提高质量与减少浪费”、“持续改进与螺旋渐进”、“消除壁垒与促进合作”、“市场机制的技术支撑”、“地方标准与区域减排”等7个方面推进了低碳经济发展。     

Innovation-driven entrepreneurship in developing economies

The knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship (KSTE) has recently emerged as an influential research stream that examines the origin, development and economic impact of innovation-driven entrepreneurship. While empirical evidence has shown that the main premise of the KSTE generally holds in most advanced economies, the purpose of the present study is to investigate the extent to which the ideas advocated by the KSTE are generalizable to different contexts in developing countries. On applying a logistic multilevel analysis to a sample of almost 250,000 individuals across 45 developing countries, the results show that the different context found in developing economies produces a limited connection between knowledge spillovers, innovation and entrepreneurship in comparison with the conventional linkage studied in the KSTE literature.     

军工研究所薪酬体系优化研究

军工研究所在国家经济和国防建设中占有重要地位,对军工研究所的薪酬体系进行完善至关重要。通过分析发现,该薪酬体系存在薪酬结构简单、低激励、薪酬体系考核和监督脱节等问题。论文在现有文献和军工研究所"三元"薪酬结构的基础上,针对具体问题建立"五元"薪酬体系方案。"五元"薪酬体系方案分别从明确优化方向、宽带薪酬策略、确定优化的目标和方法、制定方案以及考核与保障策略进行设计,为改革提供科学、合理、有效的解决建议。     

后危机时期世界经济格局的动态转换

始于2007年的金融危机使全球经济遭到了历史罕见的巨大冲击。世界经济的各种力量对比开始发生此消彼长的变化,世界经济格局处于动态转换之中,表现为世界经济结构调整加快、全球经济治理机制发生深刻变革、科技创新孕育产业转型和升级、发展中国家特别是新兴市场国家整体实力步入上升期、世界多极化获得深入发展。我国应努力增强参与世界经济治理机制变革的能力,大力实施扩大内需战略,积极推进产业结构转型升级。     

发展金融理论:一个文献综述

伴随着经济金融化和金融实践的蓬勃发展,发展金融理论在20世纪的最后几十年走上了经济学的舞台。作为一个新兴的学术领域,发展金融理论既继承了发展经济学以研究发展中国家为对象的优秀传统,又扩展和提升了金融发展理论的分析视角和研究内容。继麦金农和肖之后,发展金融理论的后期研究逐渐表现出"深"和"广"两大特征,并已经成为专门探讨发展中国家金融发展问题的基本理论框架和模型。本文沿着发展金融理论的萌芽、形成和发展这一演进顺序系统地梳理和评述该领域的主要文献,并提出亟需破解的两难命题。     

Business model innovation: Identifying foundations and trajectories

Business model innovation is an emerging hot topic in management research. It has been developing steadily for 20 years and has gained enormous momentum in recent years. A solid basis has been created, and the first literature reviews summarize the topic. However, an analysis of the core literature and the general foundation of business model innovation literature is missing. This gap is closed with this bibliometric. It analyzes 30 core articles referenced in 380 business model innovation publications. From this, a total of four research clusters can be delineated. This foundation of the research area is supplemented with a trend analysis of recent publications, which identifies three trends for the future of this research stream. The analysis highlights that sustainability, dynamic capabilities, and small- and medium-sized enterprises are the most promising trends in business model innovation. Based on the results, we present a general model for business model innovation.     

Capability building through innovation for unserved lower end mega markets

Although product innovation for unserved lower end mega markets in large developing countries has been recognized as an opportunity for improving the competitiveness of local firms, limited research has been conducted that explicitly explores how innovation capabilities can be built for these markets. This study investigates Tata Motors' Nano as an exploratory case of building innovation capabilities. This paper shows that the building of innovation capability could be achieved through creating a process that overcomes ‘the deficiency problem’ in generating radically cheap priced original products.The study's contribution to the literature is that it addresses issues of building local firms' innovation capabilities through creating original products for the unserved lower end market, in which advanced country firms have limited experience.Nano, as an unprecedented innovation in the automobile industry, reveals a path to building innovation capability that has not previously been observed. We show that detailed processes involved in generating an original product for the lower end market provide insights on the strategy in terms of target price setting, initiating innovation process overcoming ‘the deficiency problem’, and creation of complementary resources.     

Do Good Institutions Promote Countercyclical Macroeconomic Policies?

The literature has argued that developing countries are unable to adopt countercyclical monetary and fiscal policies due to financial imperfections and unfavourable political‐economy conditions. Using a world sample of up to 112 industrial and developing countries for 1984–2008, we find that the level of institutional quality plays a key role in countries’ ability and willingness to implement countercyclical macroeconomic policies. Countries with strong (weak) institutions adopt countercyclical (procyclical) macroeconomic policies, reflected in extended monetary policy and fiscal policy rules. The threshold levels of institutional quality at which policies are acyclical are found to be similar for monetary and fiscal policy.     

Business Success Through Social Networks? A Comment on Social Networks and Business Success

In the literature on entrepreneurship in developing countries, the argument that social networks are an essential factor for entrepreneurial success has been given considerable attention. This article challenges this one-sided view by pointing out negative and restrictive effects of social networks on entrepreneurial success in particular, and on economic development in general. The article is structured as a comment on Kristiansen (2004 ), who worked on social networks and conducted field research in the city of Tanga, Tanzania, similar to the author, who had done the same two years previously. The findings from a six-month field research are used in order to articulate important aspects left out in Kristiansen's discussion.     

Municipal demand-side policy tools and the strategic management of technology life cycles

This research is particularly concerned with public policy instruments which may help to accelerate the development and diffusion of sustainable innovations and support local economic development. While sustainable technology sectors are in high demand, firms still face significant barriers in developing and diffusing their technologies in regions throughout the world (Hoff, 2012). This area has been less explored in the extant research yet recent experiences suggest that supply side tools may not always have positive benefits for supporting clean technology evolution, or for taxpayers. Leveraging innovation policy and technology life cycle literature, we develop a model of demand-side policy instruments which could be applied at different stages of the technology s-curve in order to accelerate the adoption of sustainable technologies. Implications for managers, public policy actors and researchers are considered.     

高新技术企业盈利水平分析——以恒生电子股份有限公司为例

论文以恒生电子的盈利数据为例进行分析,以期为高新技术企业提升盈利水平提供有价值的参考。论文分析了影响高新技术企业盈利水平的三大因素,从研发费用、科技金融、股票价值三个角度展开阐述,同时,针对高新技术企业的长久盈利和发展,从财务管理和企业创新文化两个方面提出了相关建议。     

The more the merrier? Network portfolio size and innovation performance in Nigerian firms

A positive relationship between firms' networking activities and innovativeness has been consistently established in the literature on innovation. However, studies considering different innovation types, and on developing countries are scarce. This paper addresses questions concerning the relationship between networking strategies and innovativeness of firms, using innovation survey data on Nigerian firms. Quantile regression is applied to trace the link between portfolio size and innovation at different levels of innovative success. The results show a positive relationship between a firm's innovation performance and the size of its networking portfolio. This relationship varies across different innovation types and with increasing innovation performance. The findings suggest that the widely accepted portfolio approach to external search for knowledge is not necessarily always the best—its utility depends on the firm's current level of innovative success. This poses a challenge for open innovation.     

Launching professional services automation: Institutional entrepreneurship for information technology innovations

Why do some information technology innovations come to be adopted widely while others do not? One promising research stream has begun to investigate how institutional factors shape the diffusion of IT innovations. Here we examine how these institutional factors themselves are shaped. Specifically, we explore how interested actors termed institutional entrepreneurs develop institutional arrangements to launch an IT innovation toward widespread adoption. Undertaking a contemporary case study of a new class of enterprise software, professional services automation (PSA), we found that to launch PSA, institutional entrepreneurs sought to mobilize an organizational community by developing and recognizing leaders and facilitating members’ focus on PSA. They further struggled to legitimate PSA by developing a coherent organizing vision that incorporated compelling success stories. We tie these findings together in a model that usefully shifts the focus of IT innovation research from assessing institutional effects to understanding institution-building. This new focus suggests an alternative IT diffusion theory with several practical implications.     

企业市场营销管理的创新路径

随着我国当前社会主义市场经济的飞速发展,企业所面临的市场竞争也越来越激烈,企业如何在激烈的市场竞争中占有一席之地并不断扩大市场份额已成为当前亟待解决的重要问题。其中,加强市场营销管理的创新就成为一个值得关注的重要因素。基于这一现状,文章就我国企业当前营销管理的创新问题进行深入分析与论述,并针对我国企业的市场营销现状提出了一系列的对策措施。     

简述经济新常态下企业会计发展方向及创新转型

基于经济新常态下,市场经济环境的变化使得企业会计发展方向发生了变化。如何在新经济形势下进行会计方向的转型和创新,是企业发展中应该重视的问题。鉴于此,论文针对经济新常态下企业会计发展方向作了相关论述,从四个方面提出了企业会计的创新转型路径,旨在为企业管理层构建科学化、规范化的会计管理体系提供理论的参考依据,以此提升企业的整体经济效益。