河南农民工资性收入增长的阶段性特征及其启示

农民工资性收入是指农村劳动力受雇于单位或个人,通过提供劳动而得到的货币收入,其来源主要有三:一是在非企业组织中得到的收入,二是在本地企业中得到的收入,三是外出从业得到的收入。根据三项来源比重的差异,可以把改革开放后河南省农民工资性收入增长划分为四个阶段,即在非企业组织中劳动收入为主的阶段、在本地企业劳动收入为主的阶段、外出务工收入为主的阶段,以及在本地企业劳动收入为主的阶段。农民获取工资性收入将越来越取决于农村居民在本地企业劳动得到的收入。以新农村建设为依托,调整农村产业结构,加快小城镇建设,鼓励支持返乡农民工创业,拓宽农村劳动力就地转移就业的渠道,是现阶段提高农民工资性收入的主要途径。     

财政农业支出的农民收入增长效应——基于收入来源的角度

从农民收入来源角度，利用全国1985—2015年财政农业支出和农民人均纯收入数据，基于VAR模型和VEC模型，运用协整检验、脉冲响应函数和方差分解分析等方法，考察财政农业支出对农民收入增长的长期和短期效应。结果表明：在长期，财政农业支出对农民人均纯收入具有正效应，但效应较弱；对农民的工资性收入、家庭经营收入、转移和财产性收入的效应存在差异，其中对农民工资性收入、转移和财产性收入效应较大，而对农民家庭经营收入效应较小。在短期，财政农业支出对农民家庭经营收入、转移和财产性收入的效应为正且较强，而对农民工资性收入的效应为负且较弱。此外，财政农业支出对农民转移和财产性收入增长的效应没有时滞性，而对农民家庭经营收入和工资性收入增长的效应有时滞性。     

我国农民收入结构变动与收入波动的关联性分析

农民增收问题一直是我国“三农”问题的核心。在对改革开放以来我国农民收入结构变动与农民收入波动的变化趋势以及两者之间的内在联系进行分析判断的基础上,借鉴各产业部门对经济增长波动贡献的模型,实证分析了我国农民收入结构变动与收入波动之间,以及农民收入中各部分收入波动与农民收入波动之间的内在作用关系。研究发现：农民家庭经营收入对农民收入增长的贡献最大,且仍是农民收入增长的最主要来源,其次依次为工资性收入、财产性收入和转移性收入,而目前我国的经济制度等因素对农民收入的提高具有一定的抑制作用;农民收入中各部分收入的波动对农民收入的波动均没有明显作用,农民收入波动是农民家庭经营收入和农民财产性、转移性收入的格兰杰原因而不是农民工资性收入的格兰杰原因。     

在务实创新中提升百姓就业幸福感

江苏省宿迁市下辖三县七区,总人口543万,劳动力266万,其中农村劳动力202万。2011年,全市城镇新增就业4.5万人,转移农村劳动力9万人,年末城镇登记失业率为2.78%,控制在3%以内,动态消除城镇零就业、农村零转移家庭,城镇居民人均工资性收入9353元,增长15%;农民人均工资性收入4473元,增长19.8%,劳动者就业幸福感普遍提升。这与该市构建惠及城乡的积极的就业扶持体系密不可分......     

促进常州农民增收缩小城乡收入差距的思考

一、常州市农民增收状况1.工资性收入成为农民增收的主力。从2001年~2009年的数据来看,年工资性收入增加对农民收入增加的平均贡献度达到了50%以上(2004年、2005年约为40%),成为农民收入稳定持续的增长因素。工资性收入占农民总收入的比重从     

对农业产业化进程中实施品牌战略的思考

我国在十一五规划中明确提出了建设社会主义新农村的重大战略,旨在切实提高广大农民的收入。而要大幅增加农民收入,除在大力推进工业化进程中最大限度地吸纳农民就业,增加工资性收入外,还必须紧紧抓住都市农业建设这一农业经济发展主线,致力于调整优化农业产业结构,加速推进农业的产业化进程。笔者就在推进农业产业化过程中如何实施品牌战略,以此带动农业增效、农民增收问题作粗浅探讨。     

城市化进程对农民收入结构的影响分析

在研究城市化进程中农民收入结构变动特征的基础上,运用灰色关联理论分析中国城市化进程对不同收入来源的影响程度,得出了如下主要结论:推进城镇化进程,农民各项收入来源得到不同程度的增长;农民工资性收入与城市化基本同比率增长.家庭经营性收入占总收入比例逐年下降,财产性收入和转移性收入逐年增加,但两项收入占总收入比重变化甚微;城镇化时农民各项收入来源的影响大小依次为:工资性收入、转移性收入、财产性收入、家庭经营性收入.最后根据结论提出相应建议.促使农民收入结构更加合理,使得农民收入在城市化进程中持续增加.     

人民生活 城镇居民生活

【城镇居民收入特点】　生活费收入实际增长11.7%。据省城调队对全省1150户城镇居民家庭抽样调查,1995年城镇居民人均生活费收入为2927.2元,比1994年增加681.6元,增长30.3%,剔除物价上涨因素,实际增长11.7%。这是改革开放以来继1984年(实际增长13.8%)后的第二个高增长年。工资性收入的增长明显快于非工资性收入的增长,工资性收入是城镇居民收入的主要增长点。1995年,城镇居民人均工资性收入为2486.8元,比1994年增长33.6%,明显高于非工资性收入增长16.4%的幅度;工资性收入增加额占到全部收入增加额的84.4%,是居民收入的主要增长点。据分析,工…     

论户籍制度改革对城乡居民收入差距的影响——动态一般均衡分析SSCI

本文运用动态可计算一般均衡(CGE)模型并通过对城乡居民收入的分解,探讨户籍制度的进一步改革对中国经济增长以及城乡居民收入差距的影响。模拟结果显示,消除劳动力流动的制度壁垒会进一步促进农村劳动力向城市的转移,农村居民工资性收入较大幅度的提高会缩小城乡居民收入差距,同时加快中国宏观经济增长速度。虽然农村流动劳动力的工资水平会比基线有所下降,但仍将高于农业就业人员工资以及农村非农就业工人工资。     

培育和扩大消费需求的思路与对策

当前,我国居民消费增长平稳,消费率不断下降,其原因是多方面的。从影响居民消费能力的因素看,占人口近60%的农村居民的收入增长缓慢,消费能力严重不足,已成为制约居民消费增长的最主要原因。农民收入增长缓慢,主要是由于农业生产效率低、农村经济发展滞后、农产品价格偏低,以及城乡分割的户籍管理制度限制了农民进城就业、参与城市经济发展并从中受益。其次,随着产业结构调整和市场竞争的逐步加剧,加上农村劳动力转移就业,城镇就业形势严峻,下岗失业人员较多,在岗工人工资收入增长不快,城镇居民尤其是中低收入居民的收入增长较慢,消费能力也…     

农业生产结构转换的价值分析

社会主义新农村的内在要求是增加农民收入,而现有的农业生产结构不利于农民就业,通过对支持优势农业的理论的分析,以及优势农业项目与大宗农作物的比较,得出我国发展优势农产品具有重要的理论价值和实践意义,从而有利于农民增收。     

Skill shortages and labor market outcomes in Central Europe

The new Central European members of the EU have been characterized by low employment rates, especially among unskilled workers, despite the GDP recoveries and large private sector shares in output and employment. Evidence points at skill shortages in Central Europe as a key impediment to faster labor reallocation and convergence to the EU-15 employment structures. In this paper, we develop a simple model of labor reallocation with transaction costs and show how skill shortages can inhibit firm creation and increase income inequality. We use the model to examine the impact of training subsidies and their financing on skill acquisition and start-ups of new private firms, and show that the positive effect of subsidies would be mostly offset by high wage taxes. Shifting financing from wage to consumption taxes would improve incentives for workers’ training and firm start-ups, while relying more on income taxes could reduce the income gap between workers and entrepreneurs.     

Marginal effects of public employment on unconditional distribution of wage income in China

This paper examines the marginal effects of an employment expansion in China’s public sector on the unconditional distribution of “wage income” using the unconditional quantile estimation suggested by Firpo et al. (2009). Empirical data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey is split into three sub-samples to eliminate the effects of the Asian financial crisis in 1997 and the subprime financial crisis in 2008 on our empirical results. To explore the marginal effects, the empirical unconditional distributions of wage income “before” and “after” an expansion of the public employment have been graphed and compared. It has been found that an expansion of China’s public employment reduces the dispersion of wage income and hence alleviates income inequality in China. Besides, an expansion of public employment makes the symmetrical unconditional distribution of wage income become leftward skewed. Given these findings, an expansion of the public employment caused by the strategy of “guojin mintui” could mitigate China’s income inequality.     

农村电商的农民增收效应估计——来自浙江省淘宝村镇的证据

基于浙江省2008年至2018年县域面板数据,以淘宝村镇为例,使用双向固定效应模型下的倍差法,实证检验农村电子商务发展对县域农民收入增长的影响。回归结果发现:总体上,淘宝村镇的发展并没有提高县域农民的收入,但是两者之间存在“U”型关系。只有当淘宝村镇数量超过一定的临界值时,淘宝村镇才会对县域农民收入具有促进作用。同时,受集群效应、互联网资本和金融发展等因素的制约,农村电商的增收效应在不同经济发展水平的县域存在显著的异质性。在发达县,淘宝村镇促进了农民收入的增长,但是在欠发达县,淘宝村镇反而会抑制农民收入增长。各地面对“电商热”应结合当地发展情况,积极破解农村电子商务增收的各种制约因素。     

The effect of minimum wage hikes on employment: Evidence from regional panel data from Romania

Minimum wage hikes aim to increase the income of low-wage workers and improve their labour market participation. However, there are concerns that large increases may reduce employment, especially in countries where minimum wages increased quickly and whose competitiveness depends, at least partly, on low production costs. This study examines the employment effect of large increases in the minimum wage in Romania between 2008 and 2016. It uses regional (NUTS III) data and dynamic panel methods. The results do not support the hypothesis that minimum wage hikes reduce employment. They are robust to the use of different econometric methods, plausible variations of the specification and definitions of the key variables. Moreover, the results suggest insignificant effects even for low wage, less developed or high unemployment regions.     

我国个人所得税微观税收负担实证分析

随着我国个人所得税制度的不断完善,其作用越来越受到社会的关注。对工资薪金所得征税,关系着所有工薪阶层的利益。通过计算和分析对我国纳税人样本的个税负担后发现,我国个人所得税制度总体上能够体现公平原则,不同纳税人个税负担的差异主要是由劳动报酬或收入水平的差异所导致的,但个人所得税制度的调节作用存在逆向调节倾向,且免征额提高所产生的减税效应总体也不显著。在当前我国税收制度框架下,降低工资薪金的个税负担仍然是工薪阶层直接受益的重要方式,因而需要对工资薪金所得适用税率进行改革,消除当前存在的逆向调节效应。     

Employment protection reforms,employment and the incidence of temporary jobs in Europe: 1996–2001

This paper uses longitudinal data on individuals from the European Community Household Panel over the 1996–2001 period to investigate the impact of reforms of employment protection systems in nine countries on the incidence of employment and of temporary jobs for wage and salary workers. Important features of the research design include the use of individual fixed effects models as well as the inclusion of country-specific trends in the dependent variable. A robust finding is that policies making it easier to create temporary jobs on average raise the likelihood that wage and salary workers will be in temporary jobs. This effect is felt primarily when the regional unemployment rate is relatively high. However, there is no evidence that such reforms raise employment. Thus, these reforms, while touted as a way of jump-starting individuals' careers in the job market, appear rather to encourage a substitution of temporary for permanent work.     

The effects of wage compression on unemployment and on the intersectoral distribution of employment: a dynamic model

A two-sector economy is modeled in a dynamic general equilibrium framework. If the steady state emerging in the absence of a minimum wage exhibits unemployment, the imposition of a binding wage floor lowers employment in the service sector without affecting employment in manufacturing. The wage differential between the two sectors shrinks and the quality of the service improves, but unemployment increases. In contrast, if this steady state exhibits full employment, a binding (but relatively low) minimum wage may bring about a more egalitarian income distribution and upgrade the quality of jobs in the service sector, without creating unemployment.     

Labor market flexibility and poverty dynamics

The past two decades have witnessed a rapid growth in flexible work arrangements that, in some instances, could expose workers to a higher poverty risk via limited job stability, few advancement opportunities, and low wages. Nowhere in the world has this increase in flexible work arrangements being more evident than in Spain, where about a third of the wage and salary workforce holds fixed-term contracts. Using Spanish panel data and maximum-likelihood binary models that account for state dependence and unobserved heterogeneity, we examine the poverty implications of past and present temporary employment. Our findings suggest that fixed-term contracts are linked to a greater poverty exposure among women and older men relative to open-ended contracts. Furthermore, this greater poverty exposure can last several years due to feedback effects operating via job instability or via the transition to work statuses characterized by higher poverty hazards. Finally, the adverse impact of temporary employment is linked to the short duration of some contracts, thus signaling the importance of work attachment.     

我国城镇正规就业与非正规就业工资差异的实证研究——基于分位数回归与分解的发现

本文利用2009年CHNS数据对我国城镇正规就业与非正规就业的工资差异进行实证研究,分位数回归与分解的结果表明:正规就业与非正规就业的教育回报率的差异,随工资分布由低端到高端呈现先升后降趋势,经验—工资线在正规就业与非正规就业明显不同,前者为单调递增的线性关系,后者为倒"U"形曲线关系;正规就业与非正规就业的工资差异主要是由中低端的工资差异引起的;在工资分布中低端和歧视等非市场因素是工资差异的主要原因,而在工资分布高端,工资差异主要来自于教育和经验等个人禀赋差异。