专家评析城镇居民收入差距

城里人收入差距的悬殊,已是一个常见的现象。有关专家认为,收入差距扩大是一个全球性问题,我国城镇居民收入差距仍居合理范围。国家统计局城调队有关专家在接受记者采访时说,改革开放以来,城镇居民收入有了前所未有的增长。与此同时,不同阶层的收入水平逐步拉开档次,收入差距不断扩大。但城镇居民收入分配差距仍属合理,城市和农村之间的收入差距过大,才是我国收入分配中的关键问题。据介绍,国际上通常用基尼系数测量贫富差距程度,一般认为基尼系数在０．３至０．４之间为合理范围。从我国历年的数据看,城镇人均可支配收入基尼系…     

我国城乡收入差距与经济增长关系的实证分析

文章以我国1978~2011年的年度人均GDP数据和测算的历年城乡收入基尼系数为参数指标,利用协整检验、ECM模型、格兰杰因果关系检验方法探究我国城乡收入差距和经济增长之间的关系。研究结果表明:我国城乡收入基尼系数与人均GDP之间是正相关的,人均GDP的弹性系数为0.2495,即人均GDP每变动1%,城乡收入基尼系数变动0.2495%。两者之间存在单向格兰杰因果关系,经济增长导致了城乡收入差距的扩大。     

我国城乡收入差距与经济增长关系的实证分析

文章以我国1978~2011年的年度人均GDP数据和测算的历年城乡收入基尼系数为参数指标,利用协整检验、ECM模型、格兰杰因果关系检验方法探究我国城乡收入差距和经济增长之间的关系。研究结果表明：我国城乡收入基尼系数与人均GDP之间是正相关的,人均GDP的弹性系数为0.2495,即人均GDP每变动1%,城乡收入基尼系数变动0.2495%。两者之间存在单向格兰杰因果关系,经济增长导致了城乡收入差距的扩大。     

我国居民收入差距的扩大化及对经济的影响

统计分析和观察分析都表明，我国居民所拥有的收入存在着差距扩大的趋势，并且已严重超出世界公认的合理范围，极大地影响到我国经济和社会的发展。　　　　　 收入差距扩大的表现　　１、个人与个人之间的差距扩大。　　国际上通用基尼系数来衡量一个社会的贫富差距，其标准是：基尼系数0.3 以下属平均状态。0.3～0.4为不合理状态，0.4以上则差距过大，如果达到了0.6则到了危险状态。改革开放后，我国经济获得了很大的发展，同时收入差距也迅速拉开。1978年，我国城镇居民基尼系数为0.15、农村为0.22，而到了1994年，这两个数字分别扩大到0…     

透过基尼系数 看贫富差距

基尼系数是西方国家测算贫富差距的重要系数.随着我国经济与国际经济的接轨,近年来基尼系数在我国测算收入分配中也得到了广泛的应用.国际通行的基尼系数在不同区间所代表的贫富悬殊程度也成了我国分析贫富差距的重要参考数据(0.2以下表示居民间收入"高度平均";0.2-0.3之间表示"相对平均";0.3-0.4之间表示"比较合理";0.4作为收入贫富差距的警戒线;0.4-0.6为"差距偏大";0.6以上视为"高度不平均").但是由于我国的收入分配制度脱胎于计划经济,行业收入分配不尽合理,地区经济发展很不平衡,与西方国家相比,基尼系数所代表的含义和基尼系数在不同区间所代表的贫富差距程度也有很大不同,运用这一系数应注意以下几个问题:     

我国居民收入分配状况分析

一、我国居民收入分配变化的简单回顾 改革前,受中国经济的平均主义的分配体制和政策影响,城乡内部收入差距较低,我国城镇基尼系数大约为0.16左右,农村由于区域差异,收入差距高于城镇,基尼系数大约为0.21.由于城乡之间存在较大的收入差距,全国的基尼系数大约为0.31.改革以后,我国收入分配发生了重大变动,1995年,我国城镇基尼系数上升为0.28,农村基尼系数上升为0.34,全国的基尼系数上升为0.445.2005年,城市内部的基尼系数达到0.37,农村内部达到0.38,而全国的基尼系数上升到0.47.这些数据表明:第一、城乡内部和全国的收入差距都在不断扩大;第二、全国的收入差距高于城乡内部的收入差距,因为我国存在巨大的城乡、地域和行业收入之差,并且这种差距不断拉大.目前,占中国总户数20%的最富有户收入占有全部收入的51%以上,而20%最低收入户只占4%左右.     

现阶段我国居民收入差距分析

近年来,随着我国经济快速平稳增长,人民生活水平有了显著提高。一部分人和一部分地区先富起来已经成为现实。据统计,到2002年,我国GDP达到104790.6亿元,城镇居民人均可支配收入达到7702.80元,农村居民人均纯收入为2475.63元。部分地区人均收入达到了较高水平,人民生活总体达到小康水平。然而,与此同时,我国居民的收入差距在不断扩大也是一个不争的事实。一现阶段我国居民收入差距现状分析1、基尼系数不断上升。改革开放以来,我国由基尼系数所反映出来的收入差距总的来说呈现一种上升的趋势。据统计,我国农村居民收入的基尼系数从1978年的0…     

城市居民财产性收入与贫富差距的实证分析

利用1988～2009年国家统计局全国入户调查数据,本文研究了我国城市居民财产性收入的规模、组成、变化以及其对收入差距的贡献。采用基尼系数的分解方法,将每年的收入差距分解到各个收入成分的贡献,并发现与其他收入形式相比,财产性收入分布的基尼系数是最高的,对总收入差距的贡献也在迅速扩大,这一现象值得重视。本文还分别对东、中、西部地区进行了分析,发现财产性收入主要集中在东部地区。     

我国现阶段贫富分化的原因及对策分析

从改革开放至今,我国居民收入水平得到了普遍的提高,但不可否认,收入差距也越来越明显,尤其是在城乡之间、地区之间、城镇居民之间、农村居民之间、不同阶层、行业之间等,这种差距尤为突出.用国际上比较流行的基尼系数来衡量的话,我国现阶段已出现了贫富分化.     

收入差距对保险需求影响的实证分析

近年来,我国居民收入差距逐步扩大,基尼系数不断攀升,收入差距的扩大必然导致消费结构和层次变化。本文基于协整分析,利用Granger因果检验法,对1984~2004年保险需求和收入差距的关系做出实证研究。研究的结果表明,保险需求和收入差距正相关且之间具有Granger因果关系。提出了增加保险需求和减少收入差距的政策措施。     

Hungary on the Road to a Mixed Economy: A Kaleckian Computable General Equilibrium Approach

The change from a centrally planned economy into a market economy is likely to have created a unique situation in economic history. Consequently, no existing economy theory is able to depict the process of transformation. It is argued in this paper that a Kaleckian theoretical approach may provide a starting point for the analysis of the formerly centrally planned economies of Central and Eastern Europe. This approach is applied to Hungary, within the framework of a computable general equilibrium model. A number of policy measures, such as wage constraint, devaluation and mark-up reduction, are considered and their effects on production, inflation and income distribution assessed.     

中国转型期通货膨胀对城乡收入差距的影响——基于省际面板数据的分析

本文利用我国31个省市区1979～2009年的面板数据,在运用面板数据门限模型检验我国的通货膨胀率、预期到的通货膨胀率和未预期到的通货膨胀率对城乡收入差距的影响都不存在门限效应的基础上,采用面板数据可行广义最小二乘进行估计。结果发现,我国的通货膨胀率和未预期到的通货膨胀率都扩大了城乡收入差距且是稳健的,但扩大的程度因所用数据的时间长短而异;而预期到的通货膨胀率影响城乡收入差距系数的符号和大小都因数据的时间长短而变化。     

If ‘money matters’, what about the monetary base?

Crucial to the debates on monetarism is the money aggregate relevant to its key propositions, in particular those that relate to the determination of nominal national income and inflation. In his influential work on ‘market monetarism’, Scott Sumner has accorded a privileged position to the monetary base in the key monetarist propositions. This article argues that, on the contrary, in a modern economy the role of cash is so small, as well as so clandestine, that the monetary base does not play any direct role in the determination of national income and inflation.     

浅议我国现行个人所得税制改革

个人所得税作为调节居民收入分配的一个重要税种,在我国经济生活中起着至关重要的作用。个税调整直接关系百姓钱袋子,在通胀形势下成为关注热点。随着我国经济的增长,居民可支配收入也在逐年增多,但是作为调节贫富收入差距的"个人所得税"这一税收杠杆却滞后于我们经济的变化,这些问题不仅严重影响了税收调节经济的功能,而且对社会稳定也极为不利。本文在阐明了我国个人所得税制改革中存在的相关问题后,有针对性的提出了相关学者的政策建议。     

Can inflation targeting reduce price information asymmetry and alleviate corruptive behavior? Evidence from developing countries

This paper examines the role of inflation targeting as a price signaling mechanism reducing price information asymmetry and potentially reducing incentives for corruptive actions through its direct control on the inflation rate, thus simultaneously increasing institutional quality. The obtained evidence suggests that adopting inflation targeting lowers corruption in a sample of 61 developing countries for the period between 1990 and 2018. Countries that have adopted inflation targeting experience lower corruption levels, as measured by the corruption perceptions (CP) index, controlling for other relevant determinants of corruption identified in the empirical literature, such as inflation, level of income, income distribution, trade openness and the rule of law. This result is sensitive to the type of inflation targeting adopted. Soft (unofficial) inflation targeting has no significant effect on the corruption level, giving support to the claim that strong institutional commitment, accompanied by transparency and constant communication with regards to inflation targets by the central bank, provides an adequate price signaling mechanism. In addition, the analysis provides evidence that an efficient rule of law reduces corruption levels significantly, although its effects are rather modest to support the claims that it can solely lessen corruptive behavior in the sample of developing countries.     

我国当前通货膨胀的成因及应对策略

在回顾了改革开放以来几次通胀的基础上,重点分析了本轮通胀的成因。从深化金融体制改革、转换政府职能、推进收入分配制度改革、转变经济发展方式、加强统计的科学性等几个侧面,探讨了治理通胀的对策建议。     

On the long-run relationship between inflation and output in a spatial overlapping generations model

The paper builds a model that features spatial differentiation of markets, and then uses it to study, first, the relationship between inflation and the steady-state level of output, and second, the relationship between inflation and the steady-state distribution of output across the economy. A steady-state of the model entails a stationary distribution of money across the locations of the economy. With all else held fixed, a change in the rate of money-growth induces a change in the distribution of money, which leads to a change in labour supply and production throughout the economy. Thus the distribution of money provides a channel through which a change in monetary policy affects real economic activity.     

Competitive Pressure on the Indian Households: A General Equilibrium Approach

How would competitive pressure impact upon the income distribution and the poverty of household groups? We analyse the gains in efficiency and productivity due to competitive pressure, and its distributional effects using a general equilibrium input–output framework. Efficient utilization of the available resources, technical progress and free trade constitute our sources of growth. Welfare would increase under competition, but the income distribution would become more skewed. Rural household groups would stand to lose relative to the urban ones. Urban poverty would be reduced significantly more than rural. In fact, the agricultural worker would even suffer from an increase in poverty. The study shows that competitive pressure has a positive effect on efficiency, productivity and poverty, but an adverse effect on the income distribution in the Indian economy.     

A Micro‐Decomposition Analysis of Aggregate Human Development Outcomes*

We show how differences in aggregate human development outcomes over time and space can be additively decomposed into a pure mean income (growth) component, a component attributed to differences in the distribution of income, and components attributed to ‘non‐income’ factors and differences in the model linking outcomes to income and non‐income characteristics. The income effect at the micro level is modelled non‐parametrically, so as to flexibly reflect potentially complex distributional changes. Our proposed method is illustrated using data for Morocco and Vietnam, and the results offer some surprising insights into the observed aggregate gains in schooling attainments.     

Distributional implications of informal economy in the EU countries: Accounting for the spread of tax evasion benefits and cultural characteristics

This study provides evidence about the impact of informal economy on income inequality by using annual cross-country panel data from 28 European Union countries observed during the period 2005–2017. Particular attention is dedicated to the cultural setting which is expected to impact taxpayers’ behaviour and thereby income distribution. The study reveals a relationship between the size of the underground economy and income inequality, which is negative when approaching domestic informality and positive when international tax evasion by individuals is related to the top-bottom income disparity. Moreover, a delay of one-year is needed for these effects to occur, sustaining the hypothesis of secondary consequences of the informality. The study also shows that a set of cultural peculiarities are relevant for the nexus of international tax evasion by individuals and income polarisation. The inequality enhancing effect of the offshore activities is larger in countries with high degree of uncertainty avoidance and power distance, and low level of indulgence and long-term orientation respectively.