Conflict and Commensuration: Contested Market Making in India's Private Real Estate Development Sector

Newly constructed high‐rise housing and malls, soaring land prices and violent confrontations over land testify to the massive urban transformations underway in India today. Having secured an expanded role in urban development from the state, the private sector helps to shape urban restructuring; however, few scholars have studied private real estate development in India or revealed the factions that underlie an analytically unitary ‘private sector’. This article sheds light on private sector real estate industry members' efforts to develop an internationally familiar real estate market in India. Foreign investors and consultants have been collaborating with Indian real estate developers, who are now active intermediaries in the flow of capital into India. Drawing on participant observation and data from interviews, this article finds, however, that foreign financiers and Indian developers struggle to form partnerships on account of differences on issues like land valuation. The outcome of such conflicts will define the contours of Indian real estate development and its integration with international markets in the future.     

How Subordinate Financialization Shapes Urban Development: The Rise and Fall of Warsaw's Służewiec Business District

This article studies the development of Warsaw's S?u?ewiec neighbourhood, Poland's largest business district, as a case of real estate financialization. We argue that the neighbourhood's chaotic ‘de‐contextualized’ growth was shaped by Poland's semi‐peripheral position in the global economy on the one hand—enabling a process of subordinate financialization—and legacies of state socialism on the other. In so doing, we mobilize research on peripheral financialization and global economic hierarchies, and studies of post‐socialism to enhance debates about real estate financialization. Commercial real estate—and office development in particular—is a crucial domain in which contemporary core–periphery structures are produced and negotiated. A key function of subordinate financialization is to absorb globally mobile capital—the product of financialization in the core. The case of S?u?ewiec shows that only by considering the interplay of global hierarchies (Poland's position as capital absorbent), local dynamics (fragmented urban development, which was characterized by competition among these unequal municipalities, with local growth coalitions in some municipalities, but not in others) and specific historical legacies (Warsaw's socialist‐time functional organization and its transformation, which weakened the city) can we fully understand the specific dynamics that shape real estate financialization in different places.     

GAMONALES WHO MAKE A CITY: Intimate Interactions in City Building

In this article I analyze the participation of economic patrons or gamonales in processes of city building. Like clientelistic leaders, local ‘big men’ can partake in the transformation of the living conditions of the urban poor. These individuals show an extraordinary capacity for transforming cities, their built environments and social and political infrastructures, especially in small and rapidly growing cities located in the peripheries of nation-building projects. In my research I explore the case of one patron in Granada, a rapidly urbanizing city in Colombia that received many forced migrants between 1990 and 2010, to reveal a new way in which city building and patron–client relationships co-evolve and are constituted within a space of intimate interactions between landed property and urban real estate.     

Justifying Redevelopment ‘Failures' Within Urban ‘Success Stories': Dispute,Compromise, and a New Test of Urbanity

Large‐scale waterfront redevelopment projects, an urban development phenomenon that originated in the 1970s, are attractive to a growing suite of cities worldwide. But why? These mega‐projects are full of pitfalls, broken promises, cost overruns, disappointments and are often accused of promoting inequality. In this article, we consider the specific case of Melbourne's Docklands, which local popular opinion has roundly judged a failure despite the countervailing judgment of success in the revival of ‘liveability' of the adjacent Melbourne central business district. We use the Docklands case to illustrate the utility of a ‘critical pragmatic' framework of analysis to get behind dominant explanations of the demands of the urban growth machine and postmodern neoliberal capitalism. Without denying the existence of these dynamics, nor their hegemony, we nevertheless explicate how a critical pragmatic analysis can reveal the social dynamics driving the judgments and justifications offered by actors in urban redevelopment. A pragmatic analysis of these dynamics of argument and action at critical moments in the long process of an urban redevelopment can reveal new kinds of compromises and tests by which these projects are judged. In other words, what counts as failure and as success in the work of city building will shift, depending on what actors do and how they talk about it, and on how well these actions and justifications hold up to public challenges about the true character of a successful city. By gauging how these challenges are constituted and settled, we can better understand the evolution of the urban value proposition, and the new notion of justice grounded in urbanity that is emerging at the urban redevelopment frontier.     

Urban Responses to The Economic Crisis: Confirmation of Urban Policies as Crisis Management in Malmö

It is common knowledge that crisis also signifies opportunity and opens spaces for change. When responding to the current economic crisis, is urban planning seizing this opportunity? This article investigates the case of the Swedish city of Malmö and explores its responses to the crisis by looking dialectically at the crisis, municipal planning policy and real‐estate capital. In this article, the local state and urban planning are regarded as social relations, with the aim of going beyond traditional formulations that oppose market (neoliberal) and state intervention (Keynesianism) as the main focus for crisis management. Against this background, the article shows that the 2008 crisis was met in Malmö by an active municipality that confirmed the existing visions and tendencies, rather than exploiting the crisis as a moment for changes and transformation. The article seeks to explain this by looking at the social relations that have constituted the urban policies in Malmö for the past two decades.     

谈当前中国城市发展中的一些问题

盲目大城市化的后果是土地利用率低下,过度超前的基础设施闲置,城市人气不足,经济效益不显著.把旧城改造简单地演变为城市重建或新建,其后果是破坏城市历史文脉、割断城市发展机理、丢弃原有城市特色.为了遏制住宅住房价格的非理性上涨,有必要改革现行的土地使用管理制度.城市政府必须采取有效措施,使每一个城市居民都能够得到必要的住房,不能由于少数人把住房用于投资或投机.而影响、妨碍弱势群体居住的权利.     

Diversification by Urbanization: Tracing the Property‐Finance Nexus in Dubai and the Gulf

This article explores the role of liberalized real estate markets in shaping financial‐sector development in the Arab Gulf region. Since 2001, record oil revenues and the inflow of repatriated wealth into the region have generated immense demand for new, productive destinations for surplus capital. Gulf Cooperation Council states have subsequently undergone rapid growth that is intimately tied to the regulatory transformation of urban real estate markets and the circulation of surplus capital from oil rents to the ‘secondary circuit’ of the built environment. With an emphasis on the city of Dubai, we employ the notion of diversification by urbanization to trace the re‐regulation of real estate markets and highlight how these strategies have subsequently shaped Gulf financial markets. Through an examination of the impacts of real estate mega‐project development on local banking credit, equities and Islamic financial markets, we reframe recent urbanization in the region as a process of financial re‐engineering, and identify the emergence of capital groups whose accumulation activities are tightly connected to both the real estate and financial circuit.     

北京市房地产空间布局现状及成因分析

房地产市场空间布局本质上是房地产商品在城市空间区位上的选择当前,房地产空间布局问题,特别是大城市,越来越受到关注.本文以北京市为例,在北京市房地产空间布局现状分析基础上,从土地、集聚经济效应、经济活动的投入产出、经济基础、社会分化及政府经济政策角度探讨了造成北京房地产空间格局变化的动力机制,有助于进一步分析房地产空间布...     

北京市写字楼市场空间一体化模型研究——基于UrbanSim的模型标定与情景模拟

城市空间仿真系统(UrbanSim)为构建城市土地利用和交通空间一体化模型提供了基础平台。以写字楼市场为研究对象,基于企业选址和写字楼开发选址的相关理论构建了写字楼市场供给(开发选址)与需求(企业选址)一体化模型,通过地理信息系统(GIS)建立了北京市写字楼开发/价格、企业选址及城市基础设施和公共服务的空间数据库,并在UrbanSim平台上利用这些空间微观数据对写字楼市场一体化模型进行了标定。利用已标定的一体化模型,论文进行了城市政策效果和城市发展的情景模拟,包括轨道交通建设对企业选址和开发选址的影响,以及北京市两个重要的商务办公区(商务中心区和金融街)功能区扩张的预期效果。     

Impacts of Land Use Rights Reform on Urban Development in China

The opening of China's urban land market has seen a growing interest internally and internationally in land and real estate development. Due to the monopolized ownership of land, this interest brings in substantial income for the government. Because of this new source of income, governments at various levels are able to finance urban development to different extents. This paper examines the outcomes of the reform that created a market mechanism for urban land and real estate, and the correlation of urban developments with the land and real estate market.     

我国城市土地价格影响因素研究综述

近年来,房地产市场发展带来的城市土地价格飞涨引起了各界人士的关注与探讨,城市土地价格已成为重要的研究课题。本文拟针对国内关于城市土地价格影响因素的研究成果进行归纳和总结,期望对未来的研究及土地价格管理提供参考。     

浙江省新昌县房地产市场分析报告

本文以浙江省新昌县为例,探讨在目前政府严厉的宏观调控政策下经济较为发达的中小县城房地产市场发展状况以及未来城市建设的发展方向。本文以数据分析和市场总体分析为主,通过与周边及相应主要城市进行比较,得出目前新昌县的房价涨跌情况、各类住房供需情况以及未来发展状况。从现阶段看,目前房地产市场呈现量跌价稳的趋势,而未来的发展则逐步呈现供给饱和的态势。建议在未来的发展中以旧城改造以及城中村改造为主,以防止无限制地向城市外围扩张而导致的供给过量问题。     

浅谈公共事业建设中的房地产市场发展--以近代北京学校建设为例

对城市中已有房地产的开拓和使用是近代公共事业建设的基础，对现代城市建设具有重要的启示意义。以北京学校建设为切入点，依时代顺序分别考察不同时期北京城市土地制度、房地产市场发展以及学校对房地产的使用情况。近代城市功能的演变带动了房地产市场的形成与发展，房地产市场的引入又进一步推动了近代公共事业的发展。     

A City without Slums: Urban Renewal, Public Housing, and Downtown Revitalization in Kansas City, Missouri

Most scholarly efforts to understand the political economy of postwar urban redevelopment have typically viewed urban renewal and public housing as "housing" programs that originated with the "federal" government. Yet this view is problematic for two reasons. First, it fails to specify the key actors and organized interests, especially real estate officials and downtown business elites, in the programmatic design and implementation of urban renewal and public housing. Second, this view does not fully acknowledge the dislocating and segregative effects of urban renewal and public housing on central city neighborhoods and the role these private-public initiatives played in shaping demographic and population patterns in the postwar era. I draw upon archival data and newspaper articles, real estate industry documents, government reports, and interviews to examine the origin, local implementation, and segregative effects of urban renewal and public housing in Kansas City, Missouri. I explore the role of the ideology of privatism—the underlying commitment by the public sector to enhancing the growth and prosperity of private institutions—in shaping the postwar "system" of urban economic development in which urban renewal and public housing were formulated and implemented. Focusing on the interlocking nature of race and class, I identify the critical links between urban renewal and public housing, and the long-term impact of these programs on metropolitan development in the decades after World War II.     

Global Urban Policymaking in Africa: A View from Angola Through the Redevelopment of the Bay of Luanda

A burgeoning literature looks into the processes and actors involved in the adoption and emulation of best practices and models of urban policy and development across the globe, often with the aim of attracting investment and making cities more competitive. With its focus on leisure, tourism and global capital, the redevelopment of the Bay of Luanda, in the capital of Angola, echoes the rhetoric, policies and projects underpinning such practices. Yet, a deeper interrogation reveals that the redevelopment forms part of a predominantly inward‐looking project driven by the highest echelons of the national government and its ruling party. While these actors mimic and appropriate the language and tools of entrepreneurial cities, their aim is not necessarily to make the city more internationally competitive but to achieve domestic political legitimacy and stability. The argument presented in this article builds on McCann's ( 2013 ) call for scholars to also consider the ‘introspective’ politics of urban policy boosterism from the perspective of a context in which power is highly centralized. The article thus contributes to a growing literature that advances more adequate and provincialized theorizations of urban policy and city governance in the global South, with a particular focus on the African context.     

城市轨道交通对房地产价格的影响--以北京市轻轨13号线为例

轨道交通建设对沿线房地产价格产生的影响越发明显,为了分析这种影响的范围和程度,以北京市轻轨13号线为例,分析了沿线房地产价格的分布特征.结果表明,轻轨站点在城市中心区对房价的影响较小,越远离城区对房价的影响程度和范围越大;在城市中心区和外围区对地价的影响一直集中在1公里范围内.因此,在轨道交通规划的影响下,房地产价格分布格局将发生新的变化.     

基于政府主导型的多目标土地储备规模研究——以杭州市为例

确定合理的土地储备规模是控制财务风险、减少土地闲置、保证房地产市场供求基本平衡、支持城市建设与民生工程之需要。本文以杭州市为例,结合杭州市土地储备实际情况,采用政府主导型的多目标土地储备决策模型,预测了杭州市主城区合理的土地储备规模,并提出了防范土地储备风险的若干措施,为政府确定合理土地储备规模提供科学依据。     

Recombinant Urbanization: Agrarian–urban Landed Property and Uneven Development in India

This article develops the concept of recombinant urbanization to show how agrarian landed property and land‐based caste/class relations shape the production of post‐liberalization urban real estate markets in India. I focus on two interrelated but differentiated agrarian property regimes in western Maharashtra to argue that real estate development is building on prior uneven agrarian land markets, which were themselves sociotechnically produced by colonial and postcolonial development politics. Through an examination of the organizational form of sugar cooperatives, which mediated agrarian capitalism in an earlier era, I track how these primary agricultural cooperatives are now being reorganized into real estate companies, sometimes with former sugarcane growers as company shareholders. The same caste‐based political and social capital that made sugar cooperatives possible in a capitalist agrarian society is now being leveraged by agrarian elites to ease their own and their constituents’ entry into an urbanizing economy. The concept of recombinant urbanization opens new methodological entryways to analyze the entangled agrarian and urban question in predominantly agrarian and late liberalizing societies.     

旁地产价格增长是否阻碍城镇化进程——基于我国31个省级单位面板数据的经验分析

通过对我国31个省级单位面板数据进行实证研究，发现从全国整体来看，房地产价格上涨对城镇化进程体现出正向促进作用，但是根据地区层级上的分析，在中西部地区房地产价格增长对城镇化具有显著的负向抑制作用。可见，现阶段房地产价格显然在阻碍城乡间劳动力要素流动方面扮演了重要角色。不断增长的房价增加了城镇化成本，对于农村劳动力转移起到阻碍作用。因此，为了保障新型城镇化的实现，必须通过土地、财政、金融等制度变革与其他市场化手段相结合，遏制房地产价格继续过快上涨，从而实现房地产市场与新型城镇化的协调发展。