Volatility spillovers among the U.S. and Asian stock markets: A comparison between the periods of Asian currency crisis and subprime credit crisis

This paper examines the changing nature of volatility spillovers among the U.S. and eight East Asian stock markets between two financial crises: the Asian currency crisis and the U.S. subprime credit crisis. Our empirical results suggest that volatility is not always spilled over from the directly affected markets to surrounding markets in crisis periods. The East Asian markets who directly suffered from the Asian currency crisis are the ones to which volatility is spilled over from other markets during the Asian currency crisis period, whereas uni-directional volatility spillovers from the U.S. market to other markets are observed during both crisis periods. This difference can be explained by a pre-determined hierarchy in which volatility spillovers tend to start from the U.S. market regardless of the geographical origin of the crisis. Furthermore, our results reveal that the markets in three major Asian financial hubs, i.e., Japan, Hong Kong and Singapore, are the markets to which volatility is spilled over uni-directionally from several other countries during the subprime credit crisis period, but not during the Asian currency crisis period. We attribute this difference to crisis-specific (currency or credit crisis), market-specific (credit derivatives market participation and foreign currency reserves), and time-specific (more integrated global market) factors.     

财务危机预警信息、宏观经济周期与审计意见类型

以沪深主板市场A股为研究对象，综合运用两阶段回归检验、双重聚类检验、调节效应分析等方法，探究财务危机预警信息对审计意见类型的影响机理。研究发现：财务危机指标恶化的企业被出具非标意见的可能性更大，这一现象在经济下行时表现得更加明显。运用两阶段回归检验和双重聚类检验结果仍然稳健。此外，经济周期对其的调节作用在不同审计主体、不同产权性质、不同经济区域以及不同规模的企业存在显著差异。在风险导向审计模式下，审计师可以将客户的财务危机预警信息作为判断审计风险的重要参考依据。     

Statistics of extreme events in risk management: The impact of the subprime and global financial crisis on the German stock market

Given the growing need for managing financial risk and the recent global crisis, risk prediction is a crucial issue in banking and finance. In this paper, we show how recent advances in the statistical analysis of extreme events can provide solid methodological fundamentals for modeling extreme events. Our approach uses self-exciting marked point processes for estimating the tail of loss distributions. The main result is that the time between extreme events plays an important role in the statistical analysis of these events and could therefore be useful to forecast the size and intensity of future extreme events in financial markets. We illustrate this point by measuring the impact of the subprime and global financial crisis on the German stock market in extenso, and briefly as a benchmark in the US stock market. With the help of our fitted models, we backtest the Value at Risk at various quantiles to assess the likeliness of different extreme movements on the DAX, S&P 500 and Nasdaq stock market indices during the crisis. The results show that the proposed models provide accurate risk measures according to the Basel Committee and make better use of the available information.     

Volatility analysis of precious metals returns and oil returns: An ICSS approach

This study examines volatility persistence on precious metals returns taking into account oil returns and the three world major stock equity indices (Dow Jones Industrial, FTSE 100, and Nikkei 225) using daily data over the sample period January 1995 to May 2008; the aim is to analyze market relationships before the global financial crisis. We first determine when large changes in the volatility of each market returns occur by identifying major global events that would increase fluctuations in these markets. The Iterated Cumulative Sums of Squares (ICSS) algorithm was used to identify the existence of structural breaks or sudden changes in the variance of returns. In each market the standardized residuals were obtained through the GARCH(1,1) mean equation. Our main results identify a clear relationship between precious metals returns and oil returns, while the interaction between precious metals and stock returns seems to be an independent one in the case of gold with mixed results for silver and platinum. In relation to volatility persistence, the results show clear evidence of high volatility persistence between these markets, especially during times when markets were affected by excessive volatility due to economic and financial shocks.     

Capacity utilization of the Kazakhstani firms and the Russian financial crisis: A panel data analysis

This paper examines the evolution of capacity utilization for Kazakhstani enterprises over a 7 year period. Three main theoretical propositions are tested through panel data regressions. The results show that the Russian financial crisis (August 1998) substantially reduced capacity utilization throughout 1999 and that only from 2000 onwards did enterprises recover from the crisis. Moreover, the Russian financial crisis led to a permanent change in enterprises’ behavior, in that only after the crisis enterprises became responsive to market signals. Finally, we also find evidence of a differential impact of the Russian financial crisis for different enterprise characteristics, including ownership, size, sector and location.     

The impact of government intervention on the stabilization of domestic financial markets and on U.S. banks’ asset composition

The 2007–2009 financial crisis that evolved from various factors including the housing boom, aggressive lending activity, financial innovation, and increased access to money and capital markets prompted unprecedented U.S. government intervention in the financial sector. We examine changes in banks’ balance sheet composition associated with U.S. government intervention during the crisis. We find that the initial round of quantitative easing positively impacts bank liquidity across all bank samples. Our results show a positive impact of repurchase agreement market rates on bank liquidity for small and medium banks. We conclude that banks have become more liquid in the post-crisis period, especially the larger banks (large and money center banks). We show that real estate loan portfolio exposures have reverted to pre-crisis levels for money center banks and remained flat for all other bank samples.     

产融结合的区域经济联动分析

从东西方政治经济学解析金融体系与产业经济的影响，具体是区域地理大发现和现代产业经济革命的渊源，以及世界上最早的宋朝纸币货币发展历史追溯，揭示现代金融学的产业渊源。并且通过1997年亚洲金融危机和美国次贷危机对我国经济的影响，阐述世界金融和货币体系对实体经济的影响，尤其是产业龙头、产业七寸和产业配套的产业链条的市场销售额的时间序列分析、销售额分析、带动力分析。从市场和价格两个角度剖析扩大内需和协调外贸市场对经济的改善作用，通过发展交通、扩大物流实现区域经济联动，使区域经济和产融结合。     

Is a co-jump in prices a sparse jump?

Systematic co-jumps in asset prices are generally thought to account for only a small proportion of overall jumps. In actual observations, however, jumps in asset prices are often persistent, and the time of persistence varies. In this context, we develop a new rule to identify co-jumps and improve traditional tests by considering different sampling frequencies and different sampling starting points to re-evaluate the occurrence rate of systematic co-jumps in financial assets. We conduct a simulation experiment to show that the current test procedures generally underestimate the number of co-jumps when considering persistence, but that the proposed procedure can identify co-jumps more accurately. We also perform an empirical analysis using price data from the Shanghai 50 Index and its 25 constituent stocks in China’s stock market. The average proportion of systematic co-jumps detected by the improved s-BNS is approximately 30%, which shows that the co-jump and even the systematic co-jump are not sparse jumps. The results also reveal the shortcomings of traditional jump tests in estimating persistent jumps and demonstrate that the proposed method can better detect the possible nondiversifiable risks between market indices and their constituent stocks, thereby contributing to financial risk management.     

对比美国资本市场,完善我国投、融资渠道

论文指出在当前全球性金融危机背景下,我国中小企业融资是一关系到其生存和发展的重要问题,随着我国市场经济的完善和民间资本规模的不断扩大,发展我国资本市场已迫在眉睫。本文应用对比分析法,借鉴美国资本市场建设,分析如何健全和完善我国资本市场体系。     

Spillover effects of subprime mortgage originations: The effects of single-family mortgage credit expansion on the multifamily rental market

The dramatic expansion in subprime mortgage credit fueled a remarkable boom and bust in the US housing market and created a global financial crisis. Even though considerable research examines the housing and mortgage markets during the previous decade, how the expansion in mortgage credit affected the rental market remains unclear; and yet, over 30 percent of all U.S. households reside in the rental market. Our study fills this gap by showing how the multifamily rental market was adversely affected by the development of subprime lending in the single-family market before the advent of the 2007/2008 subprime induced financial crisis. We provide evidence for a fundamentals based linkage by which the effect of an innovation in one market (i.e, the growth in subprime mortgage originations) is propagated through to another market. Using a large database of residential rental lease payment records, our results confirm that the expansion in subprime lending corresponds with an overall decline in the quality of rental payments. Finally, we present evidence showing that the financial performance of multifamily rental properties reflected the increase in rental lease defaults.     

Wavelet coherence analysis of returns,volatility and interdependence of the US and the EU money markets: Pre & post crisis

This research analyse the US and the EU money markets interdependence from 2004 to 2018. The study explains to what extent the volatility of the chosen money markets instruments in two regions is inter-correlated before, during and after the financial crisis of 2008. We apply the econometric analysis and estimate time-series models of class GARCH to study the historical dynamics of interbank rates and bond returns. The study demonstrates that correlation between returns of analogous money market instruments in the EU and US is not stable over time. We find that correlation rises in periods when countries are exposed to the same external shocks as global financial crisis. Wavelet coherence analysis suggests that investors do not get any advantages of portfolio diversification investing only in US treasuries with different maturities for more than 256 days and do not get any advantages at all investing only in European bonds.     

金融发展、需求侧市场变迁与贸易收支

基于金融发展视角从需求侧探究金融发展通过需求侧市场结构变迁作用于贸易收支的运行机理，选取2000—2018年省际面板数据进行实证检验。研究发现：金融发展会显著收窄贸易顺差，不同自然资源禀赋、地理区域、人均GDP以及金融危机和汇率改革的前后，金融发展对贸易收支的影响均存在异质性。进一步研究发现，金融发展规模通过需求侧市场结构变迁作用于贸易收支，而金融结构则没有此中介效应。研究结果为立足国内大循环，协同推进强大国内市场和贸易强国建设提供了政策启示。     

Monetary policy announcements and stock reactions: An international comparison

This article investigates the impact of domestic monetary policy rate announcements on the stock markets of New Zealand, Australia, the United Kingdom and the euro area, using event-study methods to identify stock price reactions to the unanticipated/surprise component of announcements. As Australia and New Zealand did not reach the zero bound we investigate whether there is an impact from the global financial crisis on stock market reactions that can be distinguished from the asymmetric reactions to surprises that characterise the business cycle. We find that the euro area and the UK both show a financial crisis effect but behaviour in New Zealand and Australia does not change. We conduct robustness checks and explore confounding factors, especially the impact of ‘guidance’ from central banks that prepares markets for policy rate changes.     

Herding in the bad times: The 2008 and COVID-19 crises

The objective of this paper is to analyze the imitation behavior of investors in especially convulsed periods, such as the 2008 financial crisis and the recent global pandemic, both of which could affect investors' emotions and behavior, although both have different characteristics and might have different implications. The cross-sectional dispersion of returns is used to measure the level of herding in the markets of Spain and Portugal, using a survivorship-bias-free dataset of daily stock returns during the period January 2000–May 2021, in turn divided into several sub-periods classified as pre-2008 crisis, 2008 crisis, post-2008 crisis, Covid-19 and post Covid-19. Additionally, the existence is studied of differences between days of positive and negative returns, or between days of high volatility compared to the rest, and whether the cross-sectional dispersion of returns in one market is affected by the cross-sectional dispersion of returns in the other market. The results indicate that herding appears with greater intensity in periods prior to the crisis, disappearing during the financial crisis and reappearing, although with less intensity, after it, while it is not generally detected in Covid-19 times. However, herding behavior can be observed in the market during the pandemic on high volatility days.     

Did Vietnam stock market avoid the “contagion risk” from China and the U.S.? The contagion effect test with dynamic correlation coefficients

This paper examines the Vietnamese stock market with an extension of the recent investigation of risk contagion effects. Daily data spanning October 9, 2006–June 19, 2009 are sourced for the empirical validation of the risk contagion between the stock markets in Vietnam, China, and the U.S. To facilitate the validation of contagion effects with market related coefficients, this paper constructs a bivariable EGARCH model of dynamic condition correlation coefficients. First, we examine whether there are contagion effects when there is a financial crisis in the Vietnamese stock market. Next, we verify whether the contagion risk triggered by the crisis can affect the Vietnamese market and examine which market influences the Vietnamese market the most. We find that compared to the U.S. stock market, the Chinese stock market brings more contagion risk to the Vietnamese market, and these effects gain more significance after the sub-prime mortgage crisis.     

Corporate bond market interdependence: Credit spread correlation between and within U.S. and Canadian corporate bond markets

This study investigates the correlation and interdependence between and within the U.S. and Canadian corporate bond markets. The empirical framework adopted allows credit spreads to depend on common systematic risk factors derived from structural models and incorporates dynamic conditional correlations (DCC) between spreads. Results show that there is a surprisingly weak correlation between the two markets in normal times. However, during crises, there is a sudden and strong increase in the correlation between U.S. and Canadian credit spreads. The analysis of credit spread correlation within each market also shows an unusual increase in credit spread correlations between sectors and between risk classes in the U.S. during the 2007–2009 global financial crisis. This increase persists over the post-crisis period. By contrast, in Canada, credit spread correlations between sectors remain remarkably stable over time, suggesting an interdependence of credit spreads within the Canadian market.     

Nonlinear dynamics and recurrence plots for detecting financial crisis

Identification of financial bubbles and crisis is a topic of major concern since it is important to prevent collapses that can severely impact nations and economies. Our analysis deals with the use of the recently proposed ⿿delay vector variance⿿ (DVV) method, which examines local predictability of a signal in the phase space to detect the presence of determinism and nonlinearity in a time series. Optimal embedding parameters used in the DVV analysis are obtained via a differential entropy based method using wavelet-based surrogates. We exploit the concept of recurrence plots to study the stock market to locate hidden patterns, non-stationarity, and to examine the nature of these plots in events of financial crisis. In particular, the recurrence plots are employed to detect and characterize financial cycles. A comprehensive analysis of the feasibility of this approach is provided. We show that our methodology is useful in the diagnosis and detection of financial bubbles, which have significantly impacted economic upheavals in the past few decades.     

金融危机对我国房地产业资金链的影响及其修复路径

由美国次贷危机引发的金融危机不可避免地冲击到中国经济的方方面面。其中,房地产市场受到了更加显著的影响。在尚未走出金融危机的国际背景下,中国政府对房地产的宏观调控政策密集,房地产业资金链将要经受严厉的考验。本文基于对金融危机后的我国房地产业资金链的研究,对资金链紧缩所产生的负经济效应进行客观分析,提出了修复我国房产业资金链的路径。这些策略也从房地产供给视角提出了抑制房价上涨的新思路。     

Modelling contagion of financial crises

Inspired by the empirical findings, we include international traders to capture linkage between markets and propose a two-market heterogeneous agents model to simulate financial crisis with contagion effect. This paper manages to calibrate sudden crash behavior of US and UK stock markets during “Black Monday” of 1987 besides smooth crisis and disturbing crisis categorized in literature. It is implied that financial crisis and its contagion could be endogenous, which supports a scenario of over-valuation causing a financial crisis. In addition, the model shows that financial system could be fragile in which small shock(s) hitting individual market’s fundamental could cause financial crisis spreading to the other market. This also supports a scenario of external shock triggering a financial crisis. Lastly, to demonstrate the relevance of our model to financial markets, we manage to match typical stylized facts, especially cross-correlation which is exclusive to a multiple-market case.     

弱周期性行业盈利稳定性和企业成长性的实证分析——基于医药和食品行业的数据研究

受金融危机影响,世界经济仍在谷底徘徊。弱经济形势下的投资成为一个有讨论价值的问题。国外成熟市场普遍观点认为,相比强周期性行业,弱周期性行业需求弹性小,盈利稳定,发展缓慢,在经济衰弱期应该多投资弱周期性行业。但是这个观点在我国非成熟市场是否成立仍需要数据分析与支持。本文以典型的弱周期性行业食品和医药行业为例,以强周期行业的化工行业进行实证对比分析,选取了2005—2012年三个行业上市公司的财务数据作为样本,就盈利稳定性和企业发展性进行对比分析。对于盈利稳定性,作者认为稳定的现金流、每股收益和权益回报率对于企业盈利稳定性的作用至关重要,还利用标准离差率来体现企业数据的波动程度,建立了相应的评价体系;对于企业成长性,利用资产周转率、销售毛利率等比例,在前人研究的基础上进行了评价模型改进,对各行业企业进行打分,最后得出与成熟市场不同的结论：与强周期性行业相比,食品行业并没有较强的盈利稳定性,医药行业也不是发展缓慢,竞表现出较强的企业成长性。对于研究结果的原因分析,作者认为在我国食品安全问题是食品行业盈利稳定性较差的根本原因,而我国医药行业成长性较强是受基本国情、政府支持和投入等因素的影响。