产业集群及其演进:一个劳动分工角度的解读

文章回顾了以斯密和马歇尔等为代表的古典和新古典以及马克思主义的劳动分工理论,从劳动分工角度对产业集群的形成和演进做了初步的解释。文章认为,产业集群的形成和演进是专业化分工产生的报酬递增的一种表现形式,是一个劳动分工深化、交易效率提高的过程。根据已有理论结论和我国产业集群发展的基本现实,文章对我国产业集群的发展提出了一些政策建议。     

新的国际劳动分工发展与形势分析

1、劳动分工的研究起源 古希腊时期的哲学家柏拉图、色诺芬最早讨论了分工的原始思想。到17世纪末，威廉·配第继承了色诺芬的观点，把分工同生产率增长、成本降低及国际竞争联系起来，他们的研究为亚当·斯密分工理论的形成和发展奠定了理论基础，但劳动分工概念的真正形成始于古典经济学。     

简述《德意志意识形态》中的分工理论

分工是经济学理论研究的热点,也是现代市场经济中普遍存在的经济现象。本文简要梳理了《德意志意识形态》中马克思与恩格斯的分工思想,阐述了分工与生产方式、所有制的关系;分工产生、发展及消亡的主客观原因及具体历史性。马克思、恩格斯在研究分工时始终是沿着生产力‐分工‐生产关系的逻辑主线展开的,因此,对其分工思想的深入把握将有助于我们更好地理解唯物史观。     

西方产业组织理论历史和逻辑的演进

一、产业组织理论的起源和发展过程中历史与逻辑演进 一般公认,产业组织理论的思想渊源可以追溯到亚当·斯密(Adam Smith,1776)的劳动分工理论与自由竞争市场机制,并以制针厂的例子加以说明.     

劳动分工视角下的团队建设

亚当·斯密的劳动分工理论极大地促进了劳动效率的提高,究其原因,亚当·斯密在其传世之作《国民财富的性质和原因的研究》中指出：劳动生产力上最大的增进,以及运用劳动时所表现的更大的熟练、技巧和判断力,似乎都是分工的结果.基于此,泰勒、法约尔等人把管理职能也进行了分工,实现了科学化管理.但分工不是无限的,在分工不断应用、细化的过程中出现了一些问题,如劳动成本增加、利益分配不公、团队应变能力降低等,影响了劳动效率的提高,违背了劳动分工理论提出的初衷.     

分工功能问题探讨——从另一视角分析《德意志意识形态》的分工思想

马克思认为劳动者层面上的分工是异化了的分工,应该消灭,但劳动本身的分工是社会进步的体现,不能消灭。这里涉及到分工功能定位的问题,把功能问题放在一定的社会结构框架下进行思考,并建立了分工--结构功能分析模式以探讨分工的正负功能。     

论分工对市场效率的影响

有了分工,同数劳动者就能完成比过去多得多的工作量,原因有三:第一促进劳动生产率的专业分工;其次从一个工作到另一个,通常会失去很多时间,分工将免除这种损失;第三许多简化劳动和缩减劳动的机械的发明,建立在存在分工的基础上.亚当斯密在 《国富论》 一书中详细介绍了分工的由来、 分工对市场的影响和分工受到市场范围的种种限制等等,而本文通过查阅各种权威资料以及加上自己的看法对市场分工以及所产生的影响做出一些探究.     

现代西方组织管理理论综述

一、西方管理的理论沿革和"理论丛林"现象亚当·斯密(AdamSmith)在他1776年《国富论》一书中提出了劳动分工原理,他注意到"一个制作缝衣针的工厂中,10位工人每位都完成所有的制针工作,其中包     

专业化劳动分工“陷阱”与企业组织结构变革

不可否认，专业化劳动分工对于企业劳动生产率的提高，促进经济的发展，确实起到了极大的推动作用，在20世纪80年代以前，管理者一直把专业化劳动分工看作是提高劳动生产率的不竭之源，而且，企业的组织 企业务流程，也是按照专业化分工原理设计构造，但从20世纪80年代以后，越来越多的证据表明，过细的专业化劳动分工是一个“陷阱”，对企业绩效提高形成了障碍，其消极影响主要表现为。     

制造业绿色转型与共同富裕的互动机理及路径——基于绿色分工演进视角北大核心

共同富裕具有共享性、发展性和可持续性。从绿色分工演进视角看,共同富裕程度影响着市场规模,进而影响着绿色分工;制造业绿色转型是绿色分工演进的重要载体,并通过促进经济增长、提高收入水平和生态环境质量,加快共同富裕目标的实现;基于斯密—杨格定理,两者可以形成正反馈循环;结合交易费用理论、利益相关者理论和耦合理论,市场、政府、企业间的协同对该正反馈循环有促进作用。在此基础上,本文从绿色分工演进视角分析了制造业绿色转型与共同富裕的互动关系,建立了互动机理的理论模型;并通过深挖制造业绿色转型和共同富裕的内涵,从结构转型与共享、价值链升级与发展、绿色发展与可持续三个维度对互动路径进行了探讨。     

Family Formation and the Divisions of Labour in Belgian Couple Households

In this chapter the authors describe how a quantitative analysis resulted in a proposal for a qualitative research. The aim of the quantitative research was to analyse the impact of family formation on the division of labour in couple households, based on data from the Panel Study on Belgian Households.In a first step a typology was made based upon data of 1224 Belgian couple households (1995). The second step consisted of a longitudinal analysis for the period between 1992 and 1995. The analysis of the impact of birth on the division of labour gave evidence of the revocability of equal patterns of division of labour.Based on these findings the authors concluded that the classic concept of emancipation does not allow us to understand the empirical phenomena. Hence, the authors proposed a new (qualitative) investigation aimed at clarification and empirical validation of different contents of the concept of emancipation.     

Discursive Rationality and the Division of Labour

A bstract One of the great achievements of economic science is the explanation of the benefits of the division of labour in market economies. However, despite its merits this utilitarian explanation is insufficient as an account for the widespread division of labour. This insufficiency stems from the normative shortcomings of the harmony-of-interests doctrine, which cannot justify the respect of private-property titles and. therefore, cannot explain on purely utilitarian grounds the fact that the division of labour is as widespread as it in fact is. Mariam Thalos has recently provided a partial solution to this problem by arguing that religious relief in God performs a public function that facilitates human co-operation. In critical elaboration of her thesis, the division of labour is explained by taking into account a different aspect of human reason, namely, discursive rationality.     

The Division of Labour,Capitalism and Socialism: An Alternative to Sayer

Sayer (1995) has argued that the division of labour has a structure that is distinct from capitalist relations of production, and, following Hayek, that it is determined most strongly by the use of knowledge by enterprises. Conscious coordination or alteration of the division of labour therefore usually result in reduced efficiency and in an authoritarian suppression of difference. In this article we argue that the division of labour in capitalism is strongly determined by conflict within and between classes, and that in the short term socialist policy can and should aim to alter it. A model of socialist economic coordination is presented which is feasible and ameliorates many of the problems of the capitalist division of labour. This model would enable the development rather than suppression of positive differences.     

Total Labour Requirements and Value Added Productivity of Labour in the Process of Economic Development

When the inverse of the value added productivity of labour is regressed on total labour requirements (which is equivalent to labour values), a significant relationship is obtained. This indicates that the value added productivity of labour can be explained by total labour requirements (labour values). The mean value of the regression coefficients is about 1.7. The regression coefficients have a tendency to increase during the process of rapid economic development and to decrease afterwards. Such movements are explained by value added linkages. This study is based on input–output analysis, where total labour requirements per monetary unit of output and the value added productivity of labour are calculated for each of 24 industries in Japan, Korea and USA, every 5 years between 1960 to 1985.     

分工、整合与企业战略研究

新经济环境下,分工理论不断演化,基于分工的整合理论研究也获得了较大的发展,并逐渐引起管理学界和企业界重视。以经济学观点探讨了分工理论的基本演进过程,重点讨论了企业整合、市场整合、中间型组织整合等三种整合方式;最后论证了企业选择整合方式的基本原则。     

我国私营企业劳资关系初探

目前我国私营企业工会职能弱化,集体谈判和集体合同制度没有得到普及,劳资冲突日益严重的现状所造成的负面影响已引起了各方面的关注。文章认为应从组建工会、强化工会职能、健全劳资关系立法、推行集体谈判和集体合同制度、运用现代激励理论建立员工激励机制等方面入手构建健康稳定和谐的劳资关系。     

The New International Division of Labour in Asian Electronics: Work Organization and Human Resources in Japan and Malaysia

This article documents and analyses the organization of work and human resources management in ten manufacturing plants in Malaysia and three plants in Japan. Each of the plants carries out specific tasks within an emergent international division of labour surrounding two Japanese multinational producers of consumer electronics goods. Plant roles reflect their positions in commodity chains driven by the multinationals, varying in relation to product-to-product and component-to-component divisions of labour, and in relation to the location of product and process innovations. How work is organized and how workers are managed are explained by the location of each plant within this division of labour, and by the characteristics and situation of labour, the one commodity which talks back, within the local environment.     

依托本地特色优势,促进陕西农村劳动力转移

农村劳动力的转移关系到农民增收,也是实现社会稳定的一个基本前提。本文以西部省份--陕西省为例,从分析农村剩余劳动力形成的原因入手,认为农村剩余劳动力的转移不仅应面向工业部门,而且还应依托本地特色优势实现内部转移,其转移的具体方式为发展有特色的劳务输出、特色林业、特色旅游业和相关的特色产业。     

Labour Values,Prices of Production and the Effects of Income Distribution: Evidence from the Greek Economy

This paper explores the relationship between labour values, prices of production and changes in income distribution in an actual economy. For this purpose we use a linear model of production with circulating capital and homogeneous labour, assuming that wages are paid ex ante. On the basis of this model and data from input–output tables of the Greek economy for the period 1988–1997 we estimate the labour values and prices of production, which are normalized with the use of the Sraffian standard commodity and the actual output vector. Furthermore, we extend Steedman's polynomial approximation of prices of production to include the case where wages are paid ex ante and the accuracy of this approximation is tested with actual input–output data. Finally, we find that prices of production change as a result of hypothetical changes in income distribution more often than not in a monotonic way and in a few cases display curvatures that reverse the order between prices of production and values.     

从交易费用和社会分工看物流外包

第三方物流的出现和存在必然有其合理性,文中从经济学和社会学两个方面,通过交易费用理论和社会分工理论解释第三方物流这一这会经济现象存在的合理性,从而说明了企业尽可能采用物流外包而放弃自营物流的必要性。