产业集聚:外部性与企业效率的实证分析

本文以行业内集聚和跨行业集聚经济所引致的外部性为视角,利用沿海地区制造行业四位数行业数据,实证分析了产业集群、产业外部性与企业效率的关系。研究发现,中国沿海地区行业内集聚和跨行业集聚在制造业中普遍存在,跨行业集聚仍处于劣势;产业外部性与企业效率有显著的依存关系,产业外部性在一定条件下利于企业效率提高,高效率企业是外部性的重要源泉;不同制造业之间集聚方式差异性大,专业化行业内集聚明显,而多样化产业跨行业集聚明显。     

城市化、交通基础设施对制造业集聚的空间效应

在空间经济学和新经济地理学分析框架下,通过构建城市化、交通基础设施与制造业集聚的空间面板模型,利用空间计量方法,实证分析了2000-2011年我国省际城市化、交通基础设施对制造业集聚的空间效应,并探讨二者与制造业集聚的非线性关系。研究结论表明,城市化、交通基础设施对制造业集聚存在显著的空间效应;城市化与制造业集聚之间具有倒N型关系,城市化对制造业集聚的拥挤效用比促进作用会更早地出现;交通基础设施与制造业集聚之间存在N型关系;银行业集中度、对外开放度与信息化对制造业集聚均具有显著作用;新经济地理因素对制造业集聚的影响不容忽视;我国制造业集聚具有显著的空间依赖性与空间溢出效应。     

外部性对生产性服务业与制造业协同集聚的影响——以天津市为例

以天津市为例,通过实证分析得出外部性理论的三大集聚因子显著地影响生产性服务业与制造业在空间上的协同集聚的结论。其中,中间投入品的共享和知识溢出效应吸引两大产业部门在空间上邻近分布,而劳动力池的共享并没有发挥正向的促进作用,反而有显著的挤出效应。另外,资本密集型和技术密集型制造业部门趋向于与生产性服务业部门在空间上邻近分布,而劳动密集型和能源依赖型制造业部门在空间布局时主要受劳动力市场、能源等因素影响,对邻近生产性服务业部门布局的必要性较弱。     

地方政府行为对我国制造业产业集聚的影响

本文研究了我国制造业集聚度及其变动趋势,重点研究地方政府行为对产业集聚度的影响。利用Krugman空间基尼指数测算了我国制造业产业集聚度,分析发现2000—2010年我国制造业20个行业的集聚度呈上升趋势,产业集聚十分明显。此外,实证结果表明地方保护对产业集聚有显著的负效应,行业规模经济、行业外部性以及外商直接投资对产业集聚有明显的正效应。     

制造业与生产性服务业协同集聚能否提升城市专利质量？

产业协同集聚与融合发展已成为带动地区创新发展的重要手段。研究测度了制造业与生产性服务业协同集聚度与城市专利质量水平,并实证检验了协同集聚带来的城市专利质量提升效应及其影响机制,结果表明：制造业与生产性服务业协同集聚能提升城市专利质量水平。产业协同集聚是促进地区创新的空间前提条件。主要影响机制的探讨表明,知识外部性溢出与分工深化是导致城市专利质量提升的主要中介渠道,但创新成果转化加速的中介提升机制尚不明晰。分地区看,相比于欠发达地区,发达地区产业协同集聚更能促进城市专利质量提升;分行业看,制造业与金融业、科研综合技术服务业、水利环境和公共设施管理业的协同集聚所带来的城市专利质量提升效应更加明显。目前中国整体上制造业与生产性服务业协同集聚存在的不充分、不平衡发展的问题是促进城市专利质量提升的主要障碍。     

中国通信电子制造业产业集聚的影响因素分析

本文先采用行业绝对集中度具体衡量中国22个制造业企业的聚集程度,选出通信设备、计算机及电子设备这一行业作为典型,来分析影响制造业产业集聚的因素.由于本文考虑的是开放条件下的产业布局,因而外商资本、海外市场接近度等基于新经济地理理论的变量对产业份额的影响更大;相反,基于传统比较优势理论的大多数变量都未能获得本文数据分析的支持,更有甚者,最终需求度对产业集聚的影响是负的,与比较优势理论冲突,不过人口份额对产业集聚仍有显著的积极作用.     

交通基础设施、空间溢出与制造业地理集聚——基于省级分行业面板数据分析

交通运输对于制造业企业区位的影响随产业不同而变化,这主要取决于运输成本在具体产业中的重要程度。根据企业外向度和轻、重工业两个指标将制造业细分,采用1999—2014年中国省级面板数据,研究中国交通基础设施对制造业地理集聚的直接影响及其空间溢出效应,结果发现:本地交通基础设施改善对制造业集聚有显著的影响,但这种影响存在明显的行业差异;外地交通基础设施的改善对本地制造业集聚有负的溢出效应,但影响程度随产业的不同而变化;在影响产业集聚的其他因素中,技术创新和政府干预程度影响较大,同时经济地理因素也起着重要作用。     

京津冀城市群生产性服务业与制造业协同集聚分析

推进京津冀协同发展应与其内在发展规律有效结合,方能事半功倍。生产性服务业与制造业作为城市群发展的两大主要产业门类,其协同集聚水平决定了城市群发展的质量和成熟程度。以京津冀城市群为研究对象,对其生产性服务业与制造业的产业联系和空间互动进行定量分析,发现两者的供需关系是它们形成空间集聚的基本动因,但非唯一因素,知识溢出和劳动力池共享等外部性也是两者空间集聚的原因。未来推动京津冀协同发展,需要理顺本地区产业分工链条,充分发挥北京的生产性服务业的区域辐射作用,进一步优化产业空间布局。     

生产性服务业集聚推进城市化了吗？

本文在外部性和新经济地理综合框架下研究中国284个地级市生产性服务业集聚对城市化的影响。结果显示,生产性服务业专业化和多样化集聚对城市化具有显著的技术溢出效应,且专业化集聚作用效果更明显;而生产性服务业空间集聚规模则通过市场外部性作用于城市化。生产性服务业专业化集聚对西部地区影响大于东、中部,而多样化集聚和空间集聚规模的作用由东向西依次递减;国内市场、国际市场亦对各地区生产性服务业集聚效应产生不同程度的影响     

中国制造业与生产性服务业协同集聚的空间效应分析

研究目标：分析中国制造业与生产性服务业协同集聚的空间效应。研究方法：从产业空间分布的产业地理集中与产业集聚角度测度制造业与生产性服务业协同集聚指数,通过空间计量模型分析制造业与生产性服务业协同集聚的空间相关和溢出效应。研究发现：制造业与生产性服务业协同集聚空间相关程度整体不高,协同集聚具有空间溢出效应和空间反馈机制;知识溢出、技术创新与层级分工程度对制造业与生产性服务业协同集聚有正向的影响。研究创新：构建产业协同集聚指数,利用两区制空间自回归模型分析协同集聚的非对称效应。研究价值：提高协同集聚跨区域合作能力和渗透力以缓解区域差距。     

The effects of agglomeration externalities on urban green total-factor productivity in China

For China's urban industrial layout and green development, determining which types of agglomeration externalities are most advantageous to the rise of green total-factor productivity has both theoretical and practical relevance. This research experimentally studies the effects of three types of agglomeration externalities on urban green total-factor productivity using the data of 285 Chinese cities from 2003 to 2018. The findings demonstrate that urban green total-factor output is rising, albeit with certain differences during different time periods. Both the Jacobs externality and the Porter externality are favorable for increasing urban green total-factor production when all cities are evaluated together, although the latter has a stronger promoting influence. The effect of the Marshall-Arrow-Romer externality, on the other hand, is not significant. Furthermore, these effects also depend on the stage of economic development and population size.     

后疫情时期承德产业集聚对经济高质量发展效应的实证研究

随着后疫情时期的到来以及经济高质量发展的不断推进,承德产业分工受到了较大影响。增强经济“韧性”,加速产业空间集聚,成为承德后疫情时期经济战略方向的重要考量。论文通过构建VAR模型,实证研究承德产业集聚对经济高质量发展的动态效应,结果表明:产业集聚对经济高质量发展具有周期性循环往复效应,制造业与公共服务业集聚效应显著,制造业专业化集聚的贡献率最大。因此,要加大对制造业、公共服务业等产业的支持力度。     

Trade costs,regional inequality,and the Home-Market Effect

ABSTRACT

This paper develops an economic geography framework with positive trade costs in both manufacturing and traditional sectors, mobile skilled workers, and unequal shares of unskilled labour in regions. It shows that partial agglomeration always features the Home-Market Effect (HME) regardless of whether regions trade only the manufacturing good or both. Moreover, spatial factor mobility is significant for the HME to arise, while intersectoral mobility does not play a crucial role. Furthermore, a decrease in the traditional sector trade costs makes the HME weaker and increases the likelihood of full agglomeration in the larger region. Finally, the paper shows that a small departure from Cobb–Douglas upper-tier utility towards gross substitutability of manufacturing and traditional goods reinforces the HME, while the opposite holds for gross complementarity of goods.     

区域制造业空间效应及生产性服务业发展模式选择

通过空间计量模型考察生产性服务业发展模式与制造业集聚的空间溢出效应后发现:生产性服务业专业化水平及多样化水平与制造业集聚呈倒U型关系,同时城市化水平会对服务业发展模式与制造业集聚关系产生影响。分区域模型研究发现,生产性服务业对制造业全要素生产率影响因区域经济发展水平、产业层次、要素禀赋等因素有所差异,东部地区制造业全要素生产率与生产性服务业呈线性关系,适合选择多样化发展模式;中部地区呈倒U型关系,现阶段中部地区生产性服务业更适合选择多样化发展模式;西部地区生产性服务业发展水平与制造业全要素生产率呈正U型关系,生产性服务业专业化和多样化发展都将促进制造业全要素生产率提升。     

Optimal policies in cities with congestion and agglomeration externalities: Congestion tolls,labor subsidies,and place-based strategies

This paper develops a spatial general equilibrium model that accommodates both congestion and agglomeration externalities, while firms’ and households’ land-use decisions are endogenous across continuous space. Focusing on the interaction between externalities and land use patterns, we examine the efficiencies of first-best policies and second-best pricing and place-based strategies using numerical simulations. A first-best policy must combine both Pigouvian congestion tolling (PCT) and Pigouvian labor subsidies (PLS) instruments, or design an optimal toll (or subsidy) internalizing agglomeration externalities (or congestion externalities). We also examine second-best pricing policies if only one instrument is adopted. Congestion pricing policies alone (e.g., a partial PCT or a flat-rate toll) can improve social welfare only in heavy-congestion cities, and their welfare gains may be insignificant (e.g., below 10% of the welfare improvement achieved by first-best policies). In contrast, second-best labor subsidy policies alone are a more effective alternative to first-best policies. As to place-based policies, the firm cluster zoning (FCZ) regulation is more efficient than the urban growth boundary (UGB) policy. UGBs only have small effects on the agglomeration economy but could worsen land market distortions via residential rent-escalation effects. These findings suggest that it is important to internalize business land use decisions and relax monocentricity assumptions, in order to appreciate the interplay of both urban externalities, since spatial adaptations to policy interventions can distort system efficiencies.     

The Economics of Edward Alsworth Ross

A bstract . Edward Alsworth Ross gained fame as a founding father of American sociology; however, he was trained as an economist by Richard T. Ely and made significant contributions in economics before he moved into sociology. Ross was the John Kennneth Galbraith of the popidist-progressive era. The similarity in background, methodology, Weltanschauung , and controversial academic and political styles of these men is discussed. Ross became a cause célébre after his dismissal from Stanford University in 1900 which became a major academic freedom case. Although he was a professional economist for only six years, Ross made original contributions in the areas of taxation, debt management, value theory, uncertainty , and location theory. The discussion of uncertainty as a factor in production precedes Knight's concept of risk and uncertainty and challenges neoclassical policy conclusions in a dynamic environment. His treatment of location theory includes a discussion of agglomeration, externalities, regional dualism, factor endowment, and comparative advantage to explain economic mobility.     

Thick market externalities in a spatial model

It is natural to think of thick market externalities as spatial phenomena. When agents are in close physical proximity, potential trading partners are more numerous and less costly to reach. Counteracting such agglomeration benefits is the dispersion force due to land being an essential input in production. The distribution of economic activities over space is an outcome of how decisions on location, land demand, and the search strategy of agents interact in spatial equilibrium. More desirable locations are those that allow their occupants more abundant and less costly access to potential trading partners. In spatial equilibrium, these are the densest locations, the occupants of which benefit from the strongest thick market externalities.     

环渤海地区产业集聚影响因素的实证分析——以制造业为例

本文利用2000-2009年环渤海地区内三省两市的面板数据,对区域内各因素对制造业集聚水平的影响进行了实证研究。实证结果表明:虽然在地区工业集聚的各种因素中,新经济地理因素具有收益递增作用得到了一定程度的证实。然而各地区由于自身市场、环境、自然禀赋具有独自特性,故区域内各地区政策制定中应当根据各自的特性不同而有所偏重。     

我国主要城市房地产发展潜力评价

综合考虑宏观经济、人口、房地产市场等相关因素,利用因子分析法,评价分析主要城市群内187个地级以上城市的房地产发展潜力。结果表明,发展潜力前30名,以直辖市、中东部省会城市及沿海发达城市等一二线城市为主。三线城市中东营、淄博、日照、盘锦、扬州等城市,经济支撑强,房地产市场较为活跃,供给相对不足,房地产市场发展潜力相对较大。有些城市如营口、贵阳、铁岭、北海、邯郸、保定等,房地产供给严重过剩,经济支撑能力又较弱,房地产市场风险较大。中央政府不应再采取“一刀切”的房地产调控政策,应根据城市实际情况分类调控。